{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790085855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","title":"Evaluating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice Based on Remote Sensing Phenology","display_name":"Evaluating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice Based on Remote Sensing Phenology","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790085855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","mag":"2790085855","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29538350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/860/pdf?version=1521047856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/860/pdf?version=1521047856","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650142","display_name":"Tianjiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-641X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianjiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084738959","display_name":"Xiangnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0036-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112461821","display_name":"Meiling Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0542-4673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiling Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007678672","display_name":"Ling Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1712-191X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084738959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.8757,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84646495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"860","last_page":"860"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenology","display_name":"Phenology","score":0.894174337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.7432719469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6590006351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","score":0.49108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45373857021331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.4343244731426239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.2413758635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.2282317578792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12786951661109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10191020369529724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51417038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272737","display_name":"Phenology","level":2,"score":0.894174337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.7432719469070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6590006351470947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49108123779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45373857021331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4343244731426239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.2413758635520935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2282317578792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12786951661109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10191020369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012275","descriptor_name":"Oryza","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012275","descriptor_name":"Oryza","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012275","descriptor_name":"Oryza","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018517","descriptor_name":"Plant Roots","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019216","descriptor_name":"Metals, Heavy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058998","descriptor_name":"Remote Sensing Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/860/pdf?version=1521047856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29538350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29538350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d50218cd3d76416d982e9c6c8beaa9f8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d50218cd3d76416d982e9c6c8beaa9f8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 860 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4797037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5877332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/3/860/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 3; Pages: 860","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030860","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/860/pdf?version=1521047856","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790085855.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111066708","https://openalex.org/W1878575932","https://openalex.org/W1967395374","https://openalex.org/W1981429983","https://openalex.org/W1981561767","https://openalex.org/W1990269578","https://openalex.org/W1997925200","https://openalex.org/W2007701819","https://openalex.org/W2011787232","https://openalex.org/W2019003441","https://openalex.org/W2031619975","https://openalex.org/W2031648167","https://openalex.org/W2032331402","https://openalex.org/W2033952734","https://openalex.org/W2042386716","https://openalex.org/W2045844492","https://openalex.org/W2053086167","https://openalex.org/W2066394407","https://openalex.org/W2071032946","https://openalex.org/W2072710223","https://openalex.org/W2074222846","https://openalex.org/W2075818603","https://openalex.org/W2077109367","https://openalex.org/W2081309732","https://openalex.org/W2102887902","https://openalex.org/W2113503197","https://openalex.org/W2114248304","https://openalex.org/W2120857571","https://openalex.org/W2126250722","https://openalex.org/W2132495576","https://openalex.org/W2138751033","https://openalex.org/W2139357972","https://openalex.org/W2151011640","https://openalex.org/W2159738101","https://openalex.org/W2164876780","https://openalex.org/W2316922210","https://openalex.org/W2333417344","https://openalex.org/W2356625641","https://openalex.org/W2359981556","https://openalex.org/W2370202483","https://openalex.org/W2381316208","https://openalex.org/W2402632305","https://openalex.org/W2403279775","https://openalex.org/W2413804405","https://openalex.org/W2466445449","https://openalex.org/W2500724901","https://openalex.org/W2520082337","https://openalex.org/W2584130088","https://openalex.org/W2620326362","https://openalex.org/W3209717482","https://openalex.org/W4385211886","https://openalex.org/W6661103286","https://openalex.org/W6679929668","https://openalex.org/W6680434812","https://openalex.org/W6682642761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207046288","https://openalex.org/W3023446922","https://openalex.org/W4324030030","https://openalex.org/W4385533602","https://openalex.org/W2373524250","https://openalex.org/W4206027277","https://openalex.org/W3189212133","https://openalex.org/W4382239404","https://openalex.org/W2388003193","https://openalex.org/W2367450255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heavy":[0],"metal":[1,18,29,53,82,105,132,145,185],"pollution":[2],"of":[3,97],"croplands":[4],"is":[5,180],"a":[6,117],"major":[7],"environmental":[8],"problem":[9],"worldwide.":[10],"Methods":[11],"for":[12,129,155,166],"accurately":[13],"and":[14,91,125,170,175,177],"quickly":[15],"monitoring":[16,130],"heavy":[17,28,52,81,104,131,144,184],"stress":[19,30,83,146,159,186],"have":[20,26,44],"important":[21],"practical":[22],"significance.":[23],"Many":[24],"studies":[25,43],"explored":[27],"in":[31,33,148,173,187],"rice":[32,168],"relation":[34],"to":[35,51,70,80,182],"physiological":[36,39,171],"function":[37],"or":[38],"factors,":[40],"but":[41],"few":[42],"considered":[45],"phenology,":[46],"which":[47,100],"can":[48,141],"be":[49],"sensitive":[50,79],"stress.":[54,133],"In":[55],"this":[56],"study,":[57],"we":[58],"used":[59],"an":[60],"integrated":[61],"Normalized":[62],"Difference":[63],"Vegetation":[64],"Index":[65],"(NDVI)":[66],"time-series":[67],"image":[68],"set":[69],"extract":[71],"remote":[72],"sensing":[73],"phenology.":[74],"A":[75],"phenological":[76,89,92,123],"indicator":[77,124],"relatively":[78],"was":[84,107,127],"chosen":[85],"from":[86],"the":[87,110,122,138,143,157,178],"obtained":[88],"periods":[90],"parameters.":[93],"The":[94,134],"Dry":[95],"Weight":[96],"Roots":[98],"(WRT),":[99],"directly":[101],"affected":[102],"by":[103,109],"stress,":[106],"simulated":[108],"World":[111],"Food":[112],"Study":[113],"(WOFOST)":[114],"model;":[115],"then,":[116],"feature":[118,139],"space":[119,140],"based":[120],"on":[121],"WRT":[126],"established":[128],"results":[135],"indicated":[136],"that":[137],"distinguish":[142],"levels":[147],"rice,":[149],"with":[150],"accuracy":[151],"greater":[152],"than":[153],"95%":[154],"distinguishing":[156],"severe":[158],"level.":[160],"This":[161],"finding":[162],"provides":[163],"scientific":[164],"evidence":[165],"combining":[167],"phenology":[169],"characteristics":[172],"time":[174],"space,":[176],"method":[179],"useful":[181],"monitor":[183],"rice.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
