{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791495114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","title":"Estimation of Fine and Oversize Particle Ratio in a Heterogeneous Compound with Acoustic Emissions","display_name":"Estimation of Fine and Oversize Particle Ratio in a Heterogeneous Compound with Acoustic Emissions","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791495114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","mag":"2791495114","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29534052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/851/pdf?version=1520957781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/851/pdf?version=1520957781","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026093225","display_name":"Ejay Nsugbe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ejay Nsugbe","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045075721","display_name":"Cristobal Ruiz-C\u00e1rcel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-7780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristobal Ruiz-Carcel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002449661","display_name":"Andrew Starr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-560X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Starr","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091345157","display_name":"Ian Jennions","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-1873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Jennions","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Transport and Manufacturing Building 50, College Rd, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026093225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7085,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82465507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"851","last_page":"851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10615","display_name":"Granular flow and fluidized beds","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12540","display_name":"Cyclone Separators and Fluid Dynamics","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sieve","display_name":"Sieve (category theory)","score":0.6690449714660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.620797872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5546236038208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-engineering","display_name":"Process engineering","score":0.5530591011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.5007333755493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-size","display_name":"Particle size","score":0.4841940701007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4822119474411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sieve-analysis","display_name":"Sieve analysis","score":0.45170581340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4280540943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agglomerate","display_name":"Agglomerate","score":0.4272219240665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4029536545276642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3556026816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.3442010283470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2522113621234894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.1412922739982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.12217268347740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10863322019577026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17732976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7511782","display_name":"Sieve (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.6690449714660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.620797872543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5546236038208008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.5530591011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5007333755493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.4841940701007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4822119474411011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97947650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901870","display_name":"Sieve analysis","level":2,"score":0.45170581340789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4280540943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129955480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257738","display_name":"Agglomerate","level":2,"score":0.4272219240665436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4029536545276642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3556026816368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3442010283470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2522113621234894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.1412922739982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.12217268347740173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10863322019577026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/851/pdf?version=1520957781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29534052","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29534052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4863d873a57b485b9770f5f36d730a17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4863d873a57b485b9770f5f36d730a17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 3, p 851 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/13678","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4797038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5877333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/3/851/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 3; Pages: 851","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18030851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030851","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/3/851/pdf?version=1520957781","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320298","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320339","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320664","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2791495114.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2791495114.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973775064","https://openalex.org/W1991589001","https://openalex.org/W1991702420","https://openalex.org/W2005218432","https://openalex.org/W2024438416","https://openalex.org/W2029193570","https://openalex.org/W2038156197","https://openalex.org/W2056746235","https://openalex.org/W2066092159","https://openalex.org/W2075270729","https://openalex.org/W2346991439","https://openalex.org/W2533931779","https://openalex.org/W2753151685","https://openalex.org/W2756344646","https://openalex.org/W4254928205"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3025422064","https://openalex.org/W2591304139","https://openalex.org/W1874942859","https://openalex.org/W1593628077","https://openalex.org/W2724266359","https://openalex.org/W2955362601","https://openalex.org/W2032051241","https://openalex.org/W2961438998","https://openalex.org/W2393303419","https://openalex.org/W4327815117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,54,141],"final":[1,38],"phase":[2],"of":[3,13,31,36,43,57,75,86,139,143,152,206,221],"powder":[4,173,214],"production":[5],"typically":[6],"involves":[7,40],"a":[8,21,25,87,92,97,150,171],"mixing":[9],"process":[10,118],"where":[11,154],"all":[12],"the":[14,33,37,44,84,114,126,144,155,163,193,198,208,212],"particles":[15],"are":[16],"combined":[17],"and":[18,51,96,112,137,197],"agglomerated":[19],"with":[20,216],"binder":[22],"to":[23,62,71,78,102,109,130,162,187],"form":[24],"single":[26],"compound.":[27],"traditional":[29],"means":[30],"inspecting":[32],"physical":[34],"properties":[35],"product":[39,110],"an":[41,48,64,217],"inspection":[42],"particle":[45,189],"sizes":[46],"using":[47,91,167],"offline":[49,156],"sieving":[50],"weighing":[52],"process.":[53],"main":[55],"downside":[56],"this":[58,202],"technique,":[59],"in":[60,149,211],"addition":[61],"being":[63],"offline-only":[65],"measurement":[66,100],"procedure,":[67],"is":[68,204],"its":[69,131],"inability":[70],"characterise":[72],"large":[73],"agglomerates":[74],"powders":[76],"due":[77,129],"sieve":[79],"blockage.":[80],"This":[81],"work":[82],"assesses":[83],"feasibility":[85],"real-time":[88,165],"monitoring":[89],"approach":[90,101],"benchtop":[93,172],"test":[94],"rig":[95],"prototype":[98],"acoustic-based":[99],"provide":[103,113],"information":[104,191],"that":[105,201],"can":[106],"be":[107],"correlated":[108],"quality":[111,157],"opportunity":[115],"for":[116],"future":[117],"optimisation.":[119],"Acoustic":[120],"emission":[121],"(AE)":[122],"was":[123,147,185],"chosen":[124],"as":[125],"sensing":[127],"method":[128,146,184],"low":[132],"cost,":[133],"simple":[134],"setup":[135],"process,":[136],"ease":[138],"implementation.":[140],"performance":[142],"proposed":[145],"assessed":[148],"series":[151],"experiments":[153],"check":[158],"results":[159,199],"were":[160],"compared":[161],"AE-based":[164],"estimations":[166],"data":[168],"acquired":[169,194],"from":[170,192],"free":[174],"flow":[175],"rig.":[176],"A":[177],"designed":[178],"time":[179],"domain":[180],"based":[181],"signal":[182,196],"processing":[183],"used":[186],"extract":[188],"size":[190],"AE":[195],"show":[200],"technique":[203],"capable":[205],"estimating":[207],"required":[209],"ratio":[210],"washing":[213],"compound":[215],"average":[218],"absolute":[219],"error":[220],"6%.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
