{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794221394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","title":"Analysing the Zenith Tropospheric Delay Estimates in On-line Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Services and PPP Software Packages","display_name":"Analysing the Zenith Tropospheric Delay Estimates in On-line Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Services and PPP Software Packages","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794221394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","mag":"2794221394","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29443876"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/580/pdf?version=1518591121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/580/pdf?version=1518591121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038935486","display_name":"Jorge M\u00e9ndez-Astudillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7708-7317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Mendez Astudillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Doctoral Innovation Centre, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049647137","display_name":"Lawrence Lau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-9666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Lau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-9666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088518905","display_name":"Yu-Ting Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5271-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Ting Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003475182","display_name":"Terry Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6169-059X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Nottingham Geospatial Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049647137"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":63.1445,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99750048,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"580","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.8566542863845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.844985842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6345497369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.5611246228218079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5129263401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.4951607286930084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.4908633828163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4637717604637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38022059202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3786258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.31919682025909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20563262701034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.1773676574230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13550898432731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0854138433933258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.8566542863845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.844985842704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6345497369766235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.5611246228218079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5129263401031494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4951607286930084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.4908633828163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4637717604637146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38022059202194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3786258101463318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31919682025909424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20563262701034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.1773676574230194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13550898432731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0854138433933258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/580/pdf?version=1518591121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29443876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29443876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:76eb04f3b7194c11b667071f70e578a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/76eb04f3b7194c11b667071f70e578a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 580 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:49943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49943/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/580/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 580","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:911510","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/911510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5855024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5855024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/580/pdf?version=1518591121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2250185850","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in My Life in Data","funder_award_id":"EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3790499776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L015463/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","funder_display_name":"University of Nottingham"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324778","display_name":"Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00gskyj95"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324779","display_name":"Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/016jygy11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2794221394.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2794221394.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1765999305","https://openalex.org/W1971040920","https://openalex.org/W1983418403","https://openalex.org/W1984247499","https://openalex.org/W1992703650","https://openalex.org/W1997010177","https://openalex.org/W2025819547","https://openalex.org/W2026675147","https://openalex.org/W2033609651","https://openalex.org/W2037410685","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2074489314","https://openalex.org/W2098314310","https://openalex.org/W2113432151","https://openalex.org/W2119951534","https://openalex.org/W2127642947","https://openalex.org/W2174616381","https://openalex.org/W2314711504","https://openalex.org/W2469109773","https://openalex.org/W2517671884","https://openalex.org/W2781901994","https://openalex.org/W4253020757","https://openalex.org/W6726400566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3216386610","https://openalex.org/W4239395258","https://openalex.org/W3204981892","https://openalex.org/W4380563814","https://openalex.org/W3130617165","https://openalex.org/W2904557485","https://openalex.org/W3198415914","https://openalex.org/W2772082021","https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W4387760931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"signals":[6],"travel":[7],"through":[8],"the":[9,20,24,51,68,75,78,126,138,143,146,175,178,182,197,201,206,214,225,230,241,248],"troposphere,":[10],"a":[11,17,98,163],"tropospheric":[12,203],"delay":[13],"occurs":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,124],"change":[18],"in":[19,54,74,89,132,174,187],"refractive":[21],"index":[22],"of":[23,70,103,120,128,145,158,165,205,211,213],"medium.":[25],"The":[26,42,117,134,190,209,236],"Precise":[27],"Point":[28],"Positioning":[29],"(PPP)":[30],"technique":[31],"can":[32,58],"achieve":[33],"centimeter/millimeter":[34],"positioning":[35],"accuracy":[36,127],"with":[37,50,84,101,196,224],"only":[38],"one":[39],"GNSS":[40,139,168],"receiver.":[41],"Zenith":[43],"Tropospheric":[44],"Delay":[45],"(ZTD)":[46],"is":[47,67,82,115,123,185],"estimated":[48,79],"alongside":[49],"position":[52],"unknowns":[53],"PPP.":[55,133],"Estimated":[56],"ZTD":[57,104,129,154,192,198,227],"be":[59],"very":[60],"useful":[61],"for":[62],"meteorological":[63],"applications,":[64],"an":[65],"example":[66],"estimation":[69,130],"water":[71],"vapor":[72],"content":[73],"atmosphere":[76],"from":[77,106,162,200],"ZTD.":[80],"PPP":[81,108,153,191,217,243,250],"implemented":[83],"different":[85],"algorithms":[86],"and":[87,92,111,141,150,181,232],"models":[88],"online":[90,109,216,242],"services":[91,110,218,244],"software":[93,113,251],"packages.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96,121,188],"study,":[97],"performance":[99],"assessment":[100],"analysis":[102,135],"estimates":[105,193,210],"three":[107,112,215],"packages":[114,252],"presented.":[116],"main":[118],"contribution":[119],"paper":[122],"show":[125,219,239],"achievable":[131],"also":[136,238],"provides":[137],"users":[140],"researchers":[142],"insight":[144],"processing":[147],"algorithm":[148],"dependence":[149],"impact":[151],"on":[152],"estimation.":[155],"Observation":[156],"data":[157],"eight":[159],"whole":[160],"days":[161],"total":[164],"nine":[166],"International":[167],"Service":[169],"(IGS)":[170],"tracking":[171],"stations":[172],"spread":[173],"northern":[176,231],"hemisphere,":[177],"equatorial":[179],"region":[180],"southern":[183,233],"hemisphere":[184,234],"used":[186],"analysis.":[189],"are":[194],"compared":[195],"obtained":[199],"IGS":[202,226],"product":[204],"same":[207],"days.":[208],"two":[212],"good":[220],"agreement":[221],"(<1":[222],"cm)":[223],"values":[228],"at":[229,253],"stations.":[235,255],"results":[237],"that":[240],"perform":[245],"better":[246],"than":[247],"selected":[249],"all":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
