{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790113251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","title":"A Real-Time Wireless Sweat Rate Measurement System for Physical Activity Monitoring","display_name":"A Real-Time Wireless Sweat Rate Measurement System for Physical Activity Monitoring","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790113251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","mag":"2790113251","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29439398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/533/pdf?version=1518250608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/533/pdf?version=1518250608","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047254070","display_name":"Andrew Brueck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Brueck","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005169306","display_name":"Tashfin Iftekhar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tashfin Iftekhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088350648","display_name":"Alicja B. Stannard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130186095","display_name":"Sacred Heart University","ror":"https://ror.org/0085j8z36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130186095"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicja Stannard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130186095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074738133","display_name":"Kumar Yelamarthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-3909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1629065","display_name":"Central Michigan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xawj266","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumar Yelamarthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-3909","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Technology, Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1629065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102796725","display_name":"Tolga Kaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3425-4298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130186095","display_name":"Sacred Heart University","ror":"https://ror.org/0085j8z36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130186095"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tolga Kaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130186095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102796725"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130186095"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.4914,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89223494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"533","last_page":"533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweat","display_name":"SWEAT","score":0.9325605630874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5138171315193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raspberry-pi","display_name":"Raspberry pi","score":0.428730845451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40709951519966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.35880839824676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3347739577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2256043255329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.15912306308746338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63398376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395168","display_name":"SWEAT","level":2,"score":0.9325605630874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5138171315193176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985745059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245","display_name":"Raspberry pi","level":3,"score":0.428730845451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40709951519966125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.35880839824676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3347739577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2256043255329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15912306308746338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013542","descriptor_name":"Sweat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013542","descriptor_name":"Sweat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013542","descriptor_name":"Sweat","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/533/pdf?version=1518250608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29439398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29439398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/533/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 533","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5855985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5855985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020533","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020533","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/533/pdf?version=1518250608","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2958343290","display_name":"Collaborative Research: Enriching the Professional Development of School Teachers & Community College Faculty in Rural Michigan - An RET Site on Smart Vehicles","funder_award_id":"1542368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790113251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790113251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966343663","https://openalex.org/W1974946451","https://openalex.org/W1992164233","https://openalex.org/W1992640540","https://openalex.org/W1999544089","https://openalex.org/W2001228135","https://openalex.org/W2004021547","https://openalex.org/W2004905658","https://openalex.org/W2006088917","https://openalex.org/W2010683549","https://openalex.org/W2014915798","https://openalex.org/W2023526975","https://openalex.org/W2024375394","https://openalex.org/W2045376470","https://openalex.org/W2051024094","https://openalex.org/W2064571846","https://openalex.org/W2064804818","https://openalex.org/W2093190868","https://openalex.org/W2098534191","https://openalex.org/W2131490519","https://openalex.org/W2133025798","https://openalex.org/W2143085757","https://openalex.org/W2151974875","https://openalex.org/W2159263848","https://openalex.org/W2166680787","https://openalex.org/W2221713709","https://openalex.org/W2253772974","https://openalex.org/W2266175888","https://openalex.org/W2270954806","https://openalex.org/W2412383363","https://openalex.org/W2516945966","https://openalex.org/W2600798299","https://openalex.org/W2612838605","https://openalex.org/W2734336339","https://openalex.org/W2759692874","https://openalex.org/W2901016545","https://openalex.org/W2950584105","https://openalex.org/W2955469390","https://openalex.org/W4292956928","https://openalex.org/W6636406791","https://openalex.org/W6682527320","https://openalex.org/W6683731024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4235854659","https://openalex.org/W1989854358","https://openalex.org/W4313320040","https://openalex.org/W2589841393","https://openalex.org/W2050552975","https://openalex.org/W2946905923","https://openalex.org/W2057683749","https://openalex.org/W2753725918","https://openalex.org/W3019147085","https://openalex.org/W2761672683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1,107],"been":[2,36,108],"significant":[3,42],"research":[4],"on":[5,44,161,190],"the":[6,11,17,21,45,49,58,67,70,76,129,158,178,196],"physiology":[7],"of":[8,16,23,33,48,69,78,122,143,180,195,203,218],"sweat":[9,34,40,59,64,71,96,103,145,181,198,205,223],"in":[10,98,148,182,216],"past":[12],"decade,":[13],"with":[14,128,212],"one":[15],"main":[18],"interests":[19],"being":[20],"development":[22],"a":[24,84,132,153,162,171],"real-time":[25,197],"hydration":[26,79],"monitor":[27],"that":[28,174],"utilizes":[29],"sweat.":[30],"The":[31,101,138],"contents":[32],"have":[35],"known":[37],"for":[38],"decades;":[39],"provides":[41],"information":[43,147],"physiological":[46],"condition":[47],"human":[50,118,191],"body.":[51],"However,":[52],"it":[53],"is":[54,141,201],"important":[55],"to":[56,94,151,157,221],"know":[57],"rate":[60,65,97,104,146,179,199,224],"as":[61,63,207,209],"well,":[62],"alters":[66],"concentration":[68],"constituents,":[72],"and":[73,92,117,135,188],"ultimately":[74],"affects":[75],"accuracy":[77,217],"detection.":[80],"Towards":[81],"this":[82],"goal,":[83],"calorimetric":[85],"based":[86],"flow-rate":[87],"detection":[88],"system":[89,106,168],"was":[90,126,186],"built":[91],"tested":[93,187],"determine":[95],"real":[99,149,183],"time.":[100],"proposed":[102],"monitoring":[105],"validated":[109,189],"through":[110],"both":[111],"controlled":[112],"lab":[113],"experiments":[114],"(syringe":[115],"pump)":[116],"trials.":[119],"An":[120],"Internet":[121],"Things":[123],"(IoT)":[124],"platform":[125],"embedded,":[127],"sensor":[130],"using":[131],"Simblee":[133],"board":[134],"Raspberry":[136],"Pi.":[137],"overall":[139,167],"prototype":[140],"capable":[142,202],"sending":[144],"time":[150],"either":[152],"smartphone":[154],"or":[155],"directly":[156],"cloud.":[159],"Based":[160],"proven":[163],"theoretical":[164],"concept,":[165],"our":[166],"implementation":[169],"features":[170],"pioneer":[172],"device":[173],"can":[175],"truly":[176],"measure":[177],"time,":[184],"which":[185],"subjects.":[192],"Our":[193],"realization":[194],"watch":[200],"detecting":[204],"rates":[206],"low":[208],"0.15":[210],"\u00b5L/min/cm\u00b2,":[211],"an":[213],"average":[214],"error":[215],"18%":[219],"compared":[220],"manual":[222],"readings.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}