{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793332659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","title":"The Use of Tactile Sensors and PIV Analysis for Understanding the Bearing Mechanism of Pile Groups","display_name":"The Use of Tactile Sensors and PIV Analysis for Understanding the Bearing Mechanism of Pile Groups","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793332659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","mag":"2793332659","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/476/pdf?version=1517912499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/476/pdf?version=1517912499","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071620881","display_name":"Zhijia You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6295-5791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijia You","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100777436","display_name":"Yulong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1426-2883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yulong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100777436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.7903,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70990686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"476","last_page":"476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11375","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11978","display_name":"Soil Mechanics and Vehicle Dynamics","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pile","display_name":"Pile","score":0.9366503953933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-image-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","score":0.6582952737808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.5808062553405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strain-gauge","display_name":"Strain gauge","score":0.5582321882247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.5008890628814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.4530448913574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.41540202498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40073469281196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.35632526874542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3333408832550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3243309259414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.1955166757106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.14989244937896729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12041240930557251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119560385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193850","display_name":"Pile","level":2,"score":0.9366503953933716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.6582952737808228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5808062553405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.5582321882247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5008890628814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4530448913574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.41540202498435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40073469281196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35632526874542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3333408832550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3243309259414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.1955166757106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14989244937896729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12041240930557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/476/pdf?version=1517912499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29415462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cbbb021268cd40779b6abd1351143405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cbbb021268cd40779b6abd1351143405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 476 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/476/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 476","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5854968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5854968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020476","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020476","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/476/pdf?version=1517912499","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793332659.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W632825264","https://openalex.org/W1995080697","https://openalex.org/W2049198276","https://openalex.org/W2110923555","https://openalex.org/W2121478030","https://openalex.org/W2344620917","https://openalex.org/W2770462349","https://openalex.org/W4213159641","https://openalex.org/W4240221508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079089822","https://openalex.org/W2769011817","https://openalex.org/W2362662511","https://openalex.org/W2523136448","https://openalex.org/W2370701164","https://openalex.org/W2384661423","https://openalex.org/W3175942552","https://openalex.org/W3163948773","https://openalex.org/W1541570035","https://openalex.org/W2374426946"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Model":[0],"tests":[1,39,110],"were":[2,61,68],"carried":[3],"out":[4],"in":[5,35,37,46,63,75,93,120],"dry":[6],"silica":[7],"sand":[8,80],"under":[9],"pile":[10,21,24,59],"loading":[11],"and":[12,55,78,128],"visualizing":[13,48],"observation":[14],"to":[15,70,88,95,102],"investigate":[16,103],"the":[17,47,64,72,76,90,99,104,126,129,135],"behavior":[18],"of":[19,27,32,52,125],"a":[20,114,121],"group.":[22],"The":[23,109],"group":[25,107],"consisted":[26],"nine":[28],"cylindrical":[29],"model":[30,44,100],"piles":[31,45,101,118],"40":[33],"mm":[34,54,57],"diameter":[36],"most":[38],"or":[40],"three":[41],"rectangular":[42],"parallelepiped":[43],"observation.":[49],"Pile":[50],"spacings":[51],"200":[53],"100":[56],"between":[58,117],"centers":[60],"used":[62],"models.":[65],"Tactile":[66],"sensors":[67],"installed":[69],"measure":[71],"pressure":[73],"distribution":[74],"ground":[77,91,127],"colored":[79],"layer":[81],"with":[82],"particle":[83],"image":[84],"velocimetry":[85],"(PIV)":[86],"analysis":[87],"reveal":[89],"deformation":[92],"addition":[94],"strain":[96],"gauges":[97],"inside":[98],"interaction":[105,130],"among":[106],"piles.":[108],"results":[111],"showed":[112],"that":[113],"narrower":[115],"spacing":[116],"resulted":[119],"wider":[122],"affected":[123],"area":[124],"was":[131],"more":[132],"significant":[133],"below":[134],"tips.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
