{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2790654017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","title":"Deep Learning-Based Banknote Fitness Classification Using the Reflection Images by a Visible-Light One-Dimensional Line Image Sensor","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Banknote Fitness Classification Using the Reflection Images by a Visible-Light One-Dimensional Line Image Sensor","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2790654017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","mag":"2790654017","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415447"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/472/pdf?version=1517910204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/472/pdf?version=1517910204","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058898555","display_name":"Tuyen Danh Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0355-4995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuyen Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023881129","display_name":"Dat Tien Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6029-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dat Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050266680","display_name":"Wankyu Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3181-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100400974","display_name":"Sung\u2010Min Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-8110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045976228","display_name":"Kang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045976228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6362,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73469533,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"472","last_page":"472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14319","display_name":"Currency Recognition and Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/banknote","display_name":"Banknote","score":0.9929174780845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.692264199256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5658079385757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5555143356323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line","display_name":"Line (geometry)","score":0.5483952760696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.5106866955757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5102403163909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47619402408599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.46432772278785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44832485914230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20132318139076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07968971133232117}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779681140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47433","display_name":"Banknote","level":2,"score":0.9929174780845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.692264199256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5658079385757446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5555143356323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5483952760696411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5106866955757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5102403163909912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47619402408599854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.46432772278785706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44832485914230347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20132318139076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07968971133232117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/472/pdf?version=1517910204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29415447","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29415447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec1e9e077a944e16880140eb76fd5ffe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec1e9e077a944e16880140eb76fd5ffe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 472 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/472/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 472","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5856040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5856040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020472","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/472/pdf?version=1517910204","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3458716721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6837306824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1D1A1B03028417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8817349273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790654017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2790654017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628095739","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1892149727","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2148159698","https://openalex.org/W2155744555","https://openalex.org/W2160037625","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2410534529","https://openalex.org/W2473145321","https://openalex.org/W2586283396","https://openalex.org/W2597690958","https://openalex.org/W2732660750","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6679831894","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6720520097","https://openalex.org/W6981644396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2759006565","https://openalex.org/W2237246496","https://openalex.org/W3125869783","https://openalex.org/W2052338256","https://openalex.org/W2148159698","https://openalex.org/W3182260685","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,64],"automatic":[1],"paper":[2],"currency":[3],"sorting,":[4],"fitness":[5,91,146,156],"classification":[6,164],"is":[7,21,75],"a":[8,19,67,83,94,122],"technique":[9],"that":[10,53,88,159],"assesses":[11],"the":[12,51,54,60,70,90,98,104,107,110,130,135,140,149],"quality":[13],"of":[14,35,46,59,69,72,93,97,103,113,134],"banknotes":[15,36,114],"to":[16,106],"determine":[17],"whether":[18],"banknote":[20,61,74,95,105,131],"suitable":[22],"for":[23,37],"recirculation":[24],"or":[25],"should":[26],"be":[27],"replaced.":[28],"Studies":[29],"on":[30,129],"using":[31,109],"visible-light":[32,116],"reflection":[33,111],"images":[34,112],"evaluating":[38],"their":[39],"usability":[40],"have":[41],"been":[42],"reported.":[43],"However,":[44],"most":[45],"them":[47],"were":[48],"conducted":[49],"under":[50],"assumption":[52],"denomination":[55,99],"and":[56,100,121,139,148],"input":[57,73,101],"direction":[58,102],"are":[62],"predetermined.":[63],"other":[65,167],"words,":[66],"pre-classification":[68],"type":[71],"required.":[76],"To":[77],"address":[78],"this":[79],"problem,":[80],"we":[81],"proposed":[82],"deep":[84],"learning-based":[85],"fitness-classification":[86],"method":[87,161],"recognizes":[89],"level":[92],"regardless":[96],"system,":[108],"by":[115],"one-dimensional":[117],"line":[118],"image":[119,132],"sensor":[120],"convolutional":[123],"neural":[124],"network":[125],"(CNN).":[126],"Experimental":[127],"results":[128],"databases":[133],"Korean":[136],"won":[137],"(KRW)":[138],"Indian":[141],"rupee":[142],"(INR)":[143],"with":[144,154],"three":[145],"levels,":[147,157],"Unites":[150],"States":[151],"dollar":[152],"(USD)":[153],"two":[155],"showed":[158],"our":[160],"gives":[162],"better":[163],"accuracy":[165],"than":[166],"methods.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}