{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793506100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","title":"Deep Learning-Based Gaze Detection System for Automobile Drivers Using a NIR Camera Sensor","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Gaze Detection System for Automobile Drivers Using a NIR Camera Sensor","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793506100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","mag":"2793506100","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29401681"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/456/pdf?version=1517909401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/456/pdf?version=1517909401","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086213066","display_name":"Rizwan Ali Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-8441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080344855","display_name":"Muhammad Arsalan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1868-5207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arsalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086481810","display_name":"Ganbayar Batchuluun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-5697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganbayar Batchuluun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100521683","display_name":"Hyo Yoon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyo Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045976228","display_name":"Kang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro, 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045976228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":14.3083,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99292628,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"456","last_page":"456"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8768103122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7748308777809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.702349066734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6928045749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5649269819259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.5332528948783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.4946388900279999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.4350247085094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09526047110557556}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8768103122711182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7748308777809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.702349066734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6928045749664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5649269819259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.5332528948783875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.4946388900279999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4350247085094452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09526047110557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001336","descriptor_name":"Automobiles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/456/pdf?version=1517909401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29401681","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29401681","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f62fa7c65a7d4427aa0598aa7916bf0d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f62fa7c65a7d4427aa0598aa7916bf0d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 456 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/456/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 456","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5855991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5855991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020456","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020456","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/456/pdf?version=1517909401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2702073875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2017-2013-0-00684","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793506100.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793506100.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127371178","https://openalex.org/W142678305","https://openalex.org/W227339781","https://openalex.org/W1204342196","https://openalex.org/W1487049894","https://openalex.org/W1551949510","https://openalex.org/W1594588667","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1938714998","https://openalex.org/W1963841851","https://openalex.org/W1966509872","https://openalex.org/W1977821862","https://openalex.org/W1988798713","https://openalex.org/W2001369369","https://openalex.org/W2007668063","https://openalex.org/W2013433269","https://openalex.org/W2016124771","https://openalex.org/W2019177772","https://openalex.org/W2019464758","https://openalex.org/W2039885591","https://openalex.org/W2052604480","https://openalex.org/W2053652648","https://openalex.org/W2059362318","https://openalex.org/W2072344378","https://openalex.org/W2074840634","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2088115584","https://openalex.org/W2088696604","https://openalex.org/W2088714418","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2096027770","https://openalex.org/W2103978011","https://openalex.org/W2105749333","https://openalex.org/W2109864536","https://openalex.org/W2116208238","https://openalex.org/W2117666185","https://openalex.org/W2133658999","https://openalex.org/W2135346731","https://openalex.org/W2140923451","https://openalex.org/W2143304178","https://openalex.org/W2143925122","https://openalex.org/W2153264364","https://openalex.org/W2155217597","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2166964954","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2171026965","https://openalex.org/W2280277076","https://openalex.org/W2293060818","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2333988836","https://openalex.org/W2514817400","https://openalex.org/W2594094854","https://openalex.org/W2740887493","https://openalex.org/W2743391672","https://openalex.org/W2963525576","https://openalex.org/W2963905015","https://openalex.org/W3141058632","https://openalex.org/W6605163906","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6678672906","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6683943363","https://openalex.org/W6989319439"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880689012","https://openalex.org/W3014378845","https://openalex.org/W4240909707","https://openalex.org/W2059546927","https://openalex.org/W1986970529","https://openalex.org/W2562758970","https://openalex.org/W4386072035","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"paradigm":[1],"shift":[2],"is":[3,132,167,210],"required":[4],"to":[5,16,60,139,169],"prevent":[6],"the":[7,17,120,125,232],"increasing":[8],"automobile":[9],"accident":[10],"deaths":[11],"that":[12,199],"are":[13],"mostly":[14],"due":[15,59,138],"inattentive":[18],"behavior":[19],"of":[20,23,34,86,122,153],"drivers.":[21],"Knowledge":[22],"gaze":[24,39,73,89,94,184,222,234],"region":[25],"can":[26,44],"provide":[27],"valuable":[28],"information":[29],"regarding":[30],"a":[31,109,135,172,181,188],"driver's":[32],"point":[33],"attention.":[35],"Accurate":[36],"and":[37,53,68,128,148,150,196],"inexpensive":[38],"classification":[40,235],"systems":[41],"in":[42,75,88,134,171],"cars":[43,76],"improve":[45],"safe":[46],"driving.":[47],"However,":[48,119],"monitoring":[49],"real-time":[50],"driving":[51],"behaviors":[52],"conditions":[54],"presents":[55],"some":[56],"challenges:":[57],"dizziness":[58],"long":[61],"drives,":[62],"extreme":[63],"lighting":[64],"variations,":[65],"glasses":[66,146],"reflections,":[67],"occlusions.":[69],"Past":[70],"studies":[71],"on":[72,81,145,212,219],"detection":[74,90,185],"have":[77],"been":[78,117],"chiefly":[79],"based":[80],"head":[82,195],"movements.":[83],"The":[84,207,225],"margin":[85],"error":[87,121],"increases":[91],"when":[92],"drivers":[93],"at":[95],"objects":[96],"by":[97],"moving":[98,102],"their":[99,103],"eyes":[100],"without":[101],"heads.":[104],"To":[105,175],"solve":[106],"this":[107,177],"problem,":[108],"pupil":[110,126],"center":[111,127,131],"corneal":[112,129],"reflection":[113,130],"(PCCR)-based":[114],"method":[115,186,227],"has":[116],"considered.":[118],"accurately":[123],"detecting":[124],"increased":[133],"car":[136,173],"environment":[137,141],"various":[140],"light":[142],"changes,":[143],"reflections":[144],"surface,":[147],"motion":[149],"optical":[151],"blurring":[152],"captured":[154],"eye":[155,197],"image.":[156],"In":[157],"addition,":[158],"existing":[159],"PCCR-based":[160],"methods":[161],"require":[162,202],"initial":[163,204],"user":[164,205],"calibration,":[165],"which":[166],"difficult":[168],"perform":[170],"environment.":[174],"address":[176],"issue,":[178],"we":[179],"propose":[180],"deep":[182],"learning-based":[183],"using":[187],"near-infrared":[189],"(NIR)":[190],"camera":[191],"sensor":[192],"considering":[193],"driver":[194],"movement":[198],"does":[200],"not":[201],"any":[203],"calibration.":[206],"proposed":[208,226],"system":[209],"evaluated":[211],"our":[213],"self-constructed":[214],"database":[215],"as":[216,218],"well":[217],"open":[220],"Columbia":[221],"dataset":[223],"(CAVE-DB).":[224],"demonstrated":[228],"greater":[229],"accuracy":[230],"than":[231],"previous":[233],"methods.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
