{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793878626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","title":"A Review of Depth and Normal Fusion Algorithms","display_name":"A Review of Depth and Normal Fusion Algorithms","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793878626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","mag":"2793878626","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389903"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/431/pdf?version=1519290917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/431/pdf?version=1519290917","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075272406","display_name":"Doris Antensteiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-0135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Doris Antensteiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-0135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078728201","display_name":"Svorad \u0160tolc","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svorad \u0160tolc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032205387","display_name":"Thomas Pock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6120-1058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132118926","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022","country_code":"AT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Pock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria","Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Vision, Automation and Control, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna 1210, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075272406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132118926"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.8252,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86386796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"2","first_page":"431","last_page":"431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photometric-stereo","display_name":"Photometric stereo","score":0.8029605150222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.7413479089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesic","display_name":"Geodesic","score":0.721217155456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.6238428950309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5877901315689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normal","display_name":"Normal","score":0.5615891218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5064622163772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4892106056213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4802972972393036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.47198182344436646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4565339982509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-reconstruction","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","score":0.4442918598651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4427551031112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3787168860435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2175160050392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.20812469720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.06924369931221008}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44365914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120636","display_name":"Photometric stereo","level":3,"score":0.8029605150222778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.7413479089736938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165818556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213488","display_name":"Geodesic","level":2,"score":0.721217155456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6238428950309753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5877901315689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118732077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273176","display_name":"Normal","level":3,"score":0.5615891218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5064622163772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4892106056213379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4802972972393036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.47198182344436646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4565339982509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20885615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825595","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.4442918598651886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4427551031112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3787168860435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2175160050392151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20812469720840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.06924369931221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/431/pdf?version=1519290917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29389903","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29389903","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ed717fd5cfa43fe97a2439ecd69d8d0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ed717fd5cfa43fe97a2439ecd69d8d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 2, p 431 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/2/431/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 2; Pages: 431","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5855899","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5855899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18020431","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020431","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/431/pdf?version=1519290917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321896","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/02d229b24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323863","display_name":"Austrian Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04knbh022"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793878626.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793878626.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1181295934","https://openalex.org/W1536827095","https://openalex.org/W1892590658","https://openalex.org/W1905829557","https://openalex.org/W1941928608","https://openalex.org/W1968872078","https://openalex.org/W1975089519","https://openalex.org/W1979449660","https://openalex.org/W1985613629","https://openalex.org/W1998119098","https://openalex.org/W2000594266","https://openalex.org/W2007165614","https://openalex.org/W2026672030","https://openalex.org/W2028401795","https://openalex.org/W2039227674","https://openalex.org/W2055537778","https://openalex.org/W2058835961","https://openalex.org/W2063466834","https://openalex.org/W2064586097","https://openalex.org/W2079877940","https://openalex.org/W2089079585","https://openalex.org/W2092663520","https://openalex.org/W2097239559","https://openalex.org/W2098551034","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2101872283","https://openalex.org/W2104620097","https://openalex.org/W2115770970","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2124541940","https://openalex.org/W2130840066","https://openalex.org/W2133337893","https://openalex.org/W2138127543","https://openalex.org/W2138334472","https://openalex.org/W2138854065","https://openalex.org/W2154403996","https://openalex.org/W2156598602","https://openalex.org/W2164859377","https://openalex.org/W2167732364","https://openalex.org/W2200911156","https://openalex.org/W2271221198","https://openalex.org/W2405803404","https://openalex.org/W2406376371","https://openalex.org/W2519267527","https://openalex.org/W2564672457","https://openalex.org/W2728286692","https://openalex.org/W2734954306","https://openalex.org/W2737759706","https://openalex.org/W2768201070","https://openalex.org/W2899800714","https://openalex.org/W4241652050","https://openalex.org/W6643900703","https://openalex.org/W6652231383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2147504644","https://openalex.org/W2013258419","https://openalex.org/W2033176506","https://openalex.org/W2071501285","https://openalex.org/W4223522845","https://openalex.org/W13266374","https://openalex.org/W3003300666","https://openalex.org/W2116599779","https://openalex.org/W2504044873","https://openalex.org/W4377836502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geometric":[0],"surface":[1,8,40,65],"information":[2,42],"such":[3,16],"as":[4,17,93],"depth":[5,38,49,68,104,152],"maps":[6],"and":[7,24,72,98,146],"normals":[9,66],"can":[10],"be":[11],"acquired":[12],"by":[13,107],"various":[14],"methods":[15,74,101],"stereo":[18,26],"light":[19],"fields,":[20],"shape":[21],"from":[22,58],"shading":[23],"photometric":[25],"techniques.":[27],"We":[28,70],"compare":[29],"several":[30],"algorithms":[31],"which":[32,90,133],"deal":[33],"with":[34,39],"the":[35,59,103,117,141,151],"combination":[36],"of":[37,61,64,140],"normal":[41,111,143],"in":[43,75,102,138,150],"order":[44],"to":[45,116],"reconstruct":[46],"a":[47,76,85,94,109,122],"refined":[48],"map.":[50],"The":[51],"reasons":[52],"for":[53,67],"performance":[54],"differences":[55],"are":[56],"examined":[57],"perspective":[60],"alternative":[62],"formulations":[63],"reconstruction.":[69],"review":[71],"analyze":[73],"systematic":[77],"way.":[78],"Based":[79],"on":[80,128],"our":[81],"findings,":[82],"we":[83],"introduce":[84],"new":[86],"generalized":[87],"fusion":[88],"method,":[89],"is":[91,125],"formulated":[92],"least":[95],"squares":[96],"problem":[97],"outperforms":[99,135],"previous":[100,136],"error":[105,145,153],"domain":[106],"introducing":[108],"novel":[110,123],"weighting":[112],"that":[113],"performs":[114],"closer":[115],"geodesic":[118,142],"distance":[119,144],"measure.":[120],"Furthermore,":[121],"method":[124],"introduced":[126],"based":[127],"Total":[129],"Generalized":[130],"Variation":[131],"(TGV)":[132],"further":[134],"approaches":[137],"terms":[139],"maintains":[147],"comparable":[148],"quality":[149],"domain.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}