{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2771029676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","title":"A Portable Stiffness Measurement System","display_name":"A Portable Stiffness Measurement System","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2771029676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","mag":"2771029676","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29160821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2686/pdf?version=1511270988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2686/pdf?version=1511270988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002443178","display_name":"Onejae Sul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4151-9848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93906172","display_name":"Anyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/018pdh902","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93906172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onejae Sul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013943013","display_name":"Eunsuk Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-4329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93906172","display_name":"Anyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/018pdh902","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93906172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunsuk Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-4329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052166840","display_name":"Seung\u2010Beck Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-2709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93906172","display_name":"Anyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/018pdh902","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93906172"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Beck Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea","Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93906172","https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052166840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257","https://openalex.org/I93906172"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3936,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62074421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"2686","last_page":"2686"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10923","display_name":"Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.7701600790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equidistant","display_name":"Equidistant","score":0.7035613656044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indentation","display_name":"Indentation","score":0.6391971111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.6099526286125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spring","display_name":"Spring (device)","score":0.49918365478515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45065614581108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.43099308013916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.4205020070075989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4182566702365875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.36790502071380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3395232558250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.312419593334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.29211902618408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.13055860996246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10829508304595947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.7701600790023804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158245278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4386982","display_name":"Equidistant","level":2,"score":0.7035613656044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780902562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154141","display_name":"Indentation","level":2,"score":0.6391971111297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.6099526286125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778712887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102836","display_name":"Spring (device)","level":2,"score":0.49918365478515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45065614581108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.43099308013916016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4205020070075989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4182566702365875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36790502071380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3395232558250427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.312419593334198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.29211902618408203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.13055860996246338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10829508304595947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006244","descriptor_name":"Hardness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006244","descriptor_name":"Hardness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006244","descriptor_name":"Hardness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014110","descriptor_name":"Touch","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2686/pdf?version=1511270988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29160821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29160821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:206f91984f7a440c9ab130a2d397bd81","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/206f91984f7a440c9ab130a2d397bd81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 11, p 2686 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4633387","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5712800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/11/2686/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 11; Pages: 2686","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hanyang.ac.kr:20.500.11754/116150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401328","display_name":"The Royal Society of Chemistry\u2019s Journals, Books and Databases (The Royal Society of Chemistry)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2751430930","host_organization_name":"Royal Society of Chemistry","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2751430930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112686","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2686/pdf?version=1511270988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1509642174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2012R1A6A1029029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1816248103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2012R1A6A1029029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4707695269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2012R1A6A1029029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5260827227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2012R1A6A1029029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7415333604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SRFC-IT1701-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","funder_display_name":"Samsung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2771029676.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2771029676.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526360285","https://openalex.org/W1963616441","https://openalex.org/W1972817301","https://openalex.org/W1983385949","https://openalex.org/W2016515476","https://openalex.org/W2024301407","https://openalex.org/W2037488682","https://openalex.org/W2053193533","https://openalex.org/W2073358912","https://openalex.org/W2079508597","https://openalex.org/W2081305696","https://openalex.org/W2100210092","https://openalex.org/W2144271919","https://openalex.org/W2146965568","https://openalex.org/W2263551984","https://openalex.org/W2553212598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055230676","https://openalex.org/W2373708349","https://openalex.org/W2370379095","https://openalex.org/W2064284991","https://openalex.org/W2385837322","https://openalex.org/W2123581415","https://openalex.org/W2546071705","https://openalex.org/W2354382931","https://openalex.org/W2392576975","https://openalex.org/W2376984092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"stiffness":[2,74],"measurement":[3,24,83,89],"method":[4,38],"is":[5,39],"proposed":[6],"that":[7,40],"utilizes":[8],"the":[9,37,43,53,65,73,93],"lateral":[10],"deformation":[11],"profile":[12],"of":[13,21,29,36,52,78],"an":[14],"object":[15],"under":[16],"indentation.":[17],"The":[18],"system":[19,90],"consists":[20],"a":[22,27,60,87],"force":[23,54,66],"module":[25,45],"between":[26,76],"pair":[28],"equidistant":[30],"touch":[31,44],"sensing":[32,55,62],"modules.":[33],"Unique":[34],"feature":[35,69],"by":[41],"adjusting":[42],"separation,":[46],"indenter":[47],"protrusion,":[48],"and":[49,81,95,105],"spring":[50],"constant":[51],"module,":[56],"one":[57],"can":[58],"choose":[59],"desired":[61],"range":[63],"for":[64],"module.":[67],"This":[68],"helps":[70],"to":[71],"enhance":[72],"differentiation":[75],"objects":[77],"similar":[79],"hardness":[80],"avoids":[82],"saturation.":[84],"We":[85],"devised":[86],"portable":[88],"based":[91],"on":[92],"method,":[94],"tested":[96],"its":[97],"performance":[98],"with":[99],"several":[100],"materials":[101],"including":[102],"polymer":[103],"foams":[104],"human":[106],"skin.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
