{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2770224571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","title":"Optimized Lateral Flow Immunoassay Reader for the Detection of Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries","display_name":"Optimized Lateral Flow Immunoassay Reader for the Detection of Infectious Diseases in Developing Countries","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2770224571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","mag":"2770224571","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29156618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2673/pdf?version=1511177123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2673/pdf?version=1511177123","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045122694","display_name":"Evdokia Pilavaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4759-5622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Evdokia Pilavaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012493816","display_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Demosthenous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-963X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 7JE London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045122694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":1691,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1823},"fwci":2.3613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88506836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"2673","last_page":"2673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12867","display_name":"Advanced Biosensing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analyte","display_name":"Analyte","score":0.5939131379127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunoassay","display_name":"Immunoassay","score":0.5705476999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5291329622268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.5204063653945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5122050642967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemiluminescent-immunoassay","display_name":"Chemiluminescent immunoassay","score":0.4668363332748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.4622834026813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.29491573572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21181458234786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1132805347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.09891122579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08941009640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.08624595403671265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2282401","display_name":"Analyte","level":2,"score":0.5939131379127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780420688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759183","display_name":"Immunoassay","level":3,"score":0.5705476999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5291329622268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.5204063653945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5122050642967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994453816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759183","display_name":"Chemiluminescent immunoassay","level":4,"score":0.4668363332748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.4622834026813507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.29491573572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21181458234786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1132805347442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09891122579574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08941009640693665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.08624595403671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159654299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79460","display_name":"Antibody","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003906","descriptor_name":"Developing Countries","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007118","descriptor_name":"Immunoassay","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007159","descriptor_name":"Immunologic Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007159","descriptor_name":"Immunologic Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007159","descriptor_name":"Immunologic Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2673/pdf?version=1511177123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29156618","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29156618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1dc8b91ee25a48898798a70237531ada","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1dc8b91ee25a48898798a70237531ada","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 11, p 2673 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10038750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10038750/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   Sensors , 17  (11)    , Article 2673. (2017)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4633923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5713649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/11/2673/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 11; Pages: 2673","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2673/pdf?version=1511177123","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5170841131","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K031953/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8287237980","display_name":"EPSRC IRC in Early-Warning Sensing Systems for Infectious Diseases","funder_award_id":"EP/K031953/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2770224571.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W610126998","https://openalex.org/W2005464466","https://openalex.org/W2007908901","https://openalex.org/W2040080388","https://openalex.org/W2051243774","https://openalex.org/W2066171122","https://openalex.org/W2093219439","https://openalex.org/W2101967699","https://openalex.org/W2114941389","https://openalex.org/W2118498729","https://openalex.org/W2128922975","https://openalex.org/W2163193234","https://openalex.org/W2168697290","https://openalex.org/W2173829865","https://openalex.org/W2340072765","https://openalex.org/W2577660919","https://openalex.org/W2617282686","https://openalex.org/W2624849685","https://openalex.org/W2735625530","https://openalex.org/W6729799167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381007180","https://openalex.org/W2372361657","https://openalex.org/W2350717852","https://openalex.org/W2353110450","https://openalex.org/W106968099","https://openalex.org/W2147062070","https://openalex.org/W4319591982","https://openalex.org/W1980980778","https://openalex.org/W2368179002","https://openalex.org/W2358185086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"and":[1,85,130,155],"control":[2],"of":[3,26,33,67,70,91,95,98,101,161,187],"infectious":[4,27],"diseases":[5],"is":[6,39,73],"a":[7,54,156,166],"major":[8],"problem,":[9],"especially":[10],"in":[11,109,139,183],"developing":[12,50],"countries.":[13,51],"Lateral":[14],"flow":[15,83,104,177],"immunoassays":[16,178],"can":[17],"be":[18,150],"used":[19],"with":[20,60,179],"great":[21],"success":[22],"for":[23,30,49],"the":[24,31,77,81,89,92,99,102,117,128,137,146,153,162,184],"detection":[25],"diseases.":[28],"However,":[29],"quantification":[32],"their":[34],"results":[35,163],"an":[36,44],"electronic":[37,47],"reader":[38,48],"required.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42],"presents":[43],"optimized":[45],"handheld":[46],"It":[52],"features":[53],"potentially":[55],"low-cost,":[56],"low-power,":[57],"battery-operated":[58],"device":[59,72,154],"no":[61],"added":[62],"optical":[63],"accessories.":[64],"The":[65],"operation":[66],"this":[68],"proof":[69],"concept":[71],"based":[74],"on":[75,152],"measuring":[76],"reflected":[78],"light":[79],"from":[80],"lateral":[82,103,176],"immunoassay":[84,105],"translating":[86],"it":[87],"into":[88],"concentration":[90,185],"specific":[93],"analyte":[94],"interest.":[96],"Characterization":[97],"surface":[100],"has":[106,172],"been":[107,124,173],"performed":[108,125,151],"order":[110],"to":[111,116,126,149,165,190],"accurately":[112],"model":[113],"its":[114],"response":[115],"incident":[118],"light.":[119],"Ray":[120],"trace":[121],"simulations":[122],"have":[123],"optimize":[127],"system":[129],"achieve":[131],"maximum":[132],"sensitivity":[133],"by":[134],"placing":[135],"all":[136,145],"components":[138],"optimum":[140],"positions.":[141],"A":[142,181],"microcontroller":[143],"enables":[144],"signal":[147],"processing":[148],"Bluetooth":[157],"module":[158],"allows":[159],"transmission":[160],"wirelessly":[164],"mobile":[167],"phone":[168],"app.":[169],"Its":[170],"performance":[171],"validated":[174],"using":[175],"influenza":[180],"nucleoprotein":[182],"range":[186],"0.5":[188],"ng/mL":[189],"200":[191],"ng/mL.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
