{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2768013318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","title":"Recognition and Matching of Clustered Mature Litchi Fruits Using Binocular Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Color Cameras","display_name":"Recognition and Matching of Clustered Mature Litchi Fruits Using Binocular Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Color Cameras","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2768013318","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","mag":"2768013318","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29112177"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2564/pdf?version=1510285803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2564/pdf?version=1510285803","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077826535","display_name":"Chenglin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6117-6996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. 2005209012@stu.scau.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. 2005209012@stu.scau.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005429446","display_name":"Yunchao Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-4457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunchao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. tangyunchao@stu.scau.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China. tangyunchao@stu.scau.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009181652","display_name":"Xiangjun Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5146-599X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjun Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xjzou@scau.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. xjzou@scau.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060130626","display_name":"Lufeng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-1558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14894300","display_name":"Foshan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xvvvp28","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lufeng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China. chenxiong@stu.scau.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14894300"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China. chenxiong@stu.scau.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770694","display_name":"Xiong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-4764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101479585","display_name":"South China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9jqt67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. luolufeng@tute.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Key Technology on Agricultural Machine and Equipment, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. luolufeng@tute.edu.cn","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005429446","https://openalex.org/A5009181652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101479585","https://openalex.org/I139024713"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.0805,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95497326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"2564","last_page":"2564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9610999822616577,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7096424102783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6345937252044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5302602648735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"Occlusion","score":0.5120421051979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5060214400291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42901745438575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38479113578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10392993688583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09337809681892395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7096424102783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6345937252044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5302602648735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776268601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q968808","display_name":"Occlusion","level":2,"score":0.5120421051979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5060214400291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42901745438575745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38479113578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10392993688583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09337809681892395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2564/pdf?version=1510285803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29112177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29112177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:994285df3f274a53be5bc299788e4362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/994285df3f274a53be5bc299788e4362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 11, p 2564 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4633583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5713152","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/11/2564/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 11; Pages: 2564","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17112564","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112564","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/11/2564/pdf?version=1510285803","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768013318.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2768013318.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W947585488","https://openalex.org/W1583128514","https://openalex.org/W1965398296","https://openalex.org/W1969391481","https://openalex.org/W1980180011","https://openalex.org/W1988445395","https://openalex.org/W1988863704","https://openalex.org/W1992730755","https://openalex.org/W1993925155","https://openalex.org/W2004633764","https://openalex.org/W2004974688","https://openalex.org/W2005053673","https://openalex.org/W2005597492","https://openalex.org/W2043188177","https://openalex.org/W2053579601","https://openalex.org/W2059290539","https://openalex.org/W2068815075","https://openalex.org/W2085303768","https://openalex.org/W2090717353","https://openalex.org/W2121763644","https://openalex.org/W2140785063","https://openalex.org/W2143842379","https://openalex.org/W2196989058","https://openalex.org/W2303323562","https://openalex.org/W2342966450","https://openalex.org/W2383847396","https://openalex.org/W2564790728","https://openalex.org/W2729881247","https://openalex.org/W2947451644","https://openalex.org/W3203562936","https://openalex.org/W3208921556","https://openalex.org/W4388475920","https://openalex.org/W6674366338","https://openalex.org/W6678262788","https://openalex.org/W6682783468","https://openalex.org/W6687540770","https://openalex.org/W6986775576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recognition":[0],"and":[1,34,40,45,70,104,119,134,165,168,183,190,195,198,201,213,220,225,227,230],"matching":[2,46,71,136,145,215],"of":[3,22,32,47,72,100,110,116,121,125,162,208],"litchi":[4,10,23,59,75,81,105,111,127,172,179],"fruits":[5,33,112],"are":[6],"critical":[7],"steps":[8],"for":[9,68],"harvesting":[11],"robots":[12],"to":[13,19],"successfully":[14],"grasp":[15],"litchi.":[16],"However,":[17],"due":[18],"the":[20,43,48,122,137,152,160,175,181,211],"randomness":[21],"growth,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,61],"clustered":[27,63,73,126,139,171,178],"growth":[28],"with":[29],"uncertain":[30],"number":[31],"random":[35],"occlusion":[36,166,232],"by":[37,85],"leaves,":[38],"branches":[39],"other":[41],"fruits,":[42,180],"recognition":[44,69,120,154,186],"fruit":[49,60,76,128,140],"become":[50],"a":[51,130,142],"challenge.":[52],"Therefore,":[53],"this":[54],"study":[55],"firstly":[56],"defined":[57],"mature":[58,74],"three":[62,96],"categories.":[64],"Then":[65],"an":[66],"approach":[67,93],"was":[77],"developed":[78],"based":[79],"on":[80],"color":[82,90,102],"images":[83],"acquired":[84],"binocular":[86,101],"charge-coupled":[87],"device":[88],"(CCD)":[89],"cameras.":[91],"The":[92,147],"mainly":[94],"included":[95],"steps:":[97],"(1)":[98],"calibration":[99],"cameras":[103],"image":[106],"acquisition;":[107],"(2)":[108],"segmentation":[109],"using":[113,129,141],"four":[114],"kinds":[115],"supervised":[117],"classifiers,":[118],"pre-defined":[123],"categories":[124],"pixel":[131],"threshold":[132],"method;":[133],"(3)":[135],"recognized":[138],"geometric":[143],"center-based":[144],"method.":[146],"experimental":[148],"results":[149],"showed":[150],"that":[151],"proposed":[153],"method":[155],"could":[156],"be":[157],"robust":[158],"against":[159],"influences":[161],"varying":[163],"illumination":[164],"conditions,":[167,203,233],"precisely":[169],"recognize":[170],"fruit.":[173],"In":[174],"tested":[176,209],"432":[177],"highest":[182,212],"lowest":[184,214],"average":[185],"rates":[187,217],"were":[188,218],"94.17%":[189],"92.00%":[191],"under":[192,222],"sunny":[193,199,223,228],"back-lighting":[194,224],"partial":[196,231],"occlusion,":[197],"front-lighting":[200,229],"non-occlusion":[202],"respectively.":[204,234],"From":[205],"50":[206],"pairs":[207],"images,":[210],"success":[216],"97.37%":[219],"91.96%":[221],"non-occlusion,":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
