{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2745510169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","title":"Surface Profiling and Core Evaluation of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Aircraft Panels Using Multi-Frequency Eddy Current Testing","display_name":"Surface Profiling and Core Evaluation of Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Aircraft Panels Using Multi-Frequency Eddy Current Testing","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2745510169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","mag":"2745510169","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28906434"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2114/pdf?version=1505377715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2114/pdf?version=1505377715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075783457","display_name":"Tyler Reyno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tyler Reyno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089422528","display_name":"P. R. Underhill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0848-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Underhill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020122236","display_name":"Thomas W. Krause","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6468-8815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Krause","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077047506","display_name":"Catharine Marsden","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catharine Marsden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064595225","display_name":"Diane Wowk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-0119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diane Wowk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075783457"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8453,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71208259,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"9","first_page":"2114","last_page":"2114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6580289602279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honeycomb-structure","display_name":"Honeycomb structure","score":0.4557584822177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondestructive-testing","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","score":0.4542747437953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.44658544659614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current-testing","display_name":"Eddy-current testing","score":0.44569751620292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current","display_name":"Eddy current","score":0.440656840801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4352670907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/honeycomb","display_name":"Honeycomb","score":0.43494054675102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.42356887459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminium","display_name":"Aluminium","score":0.4149194359779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandwich-structured-composite","display_name":"Sandwich-structured composite","score":0.4118993282318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.38514384627342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.27831578254699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17387878894805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1550573706626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1469399333000183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6580289602279663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171736797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934298","display_name":"Honeycomb structure","level":2,"score":0.4557584822177887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56529433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q626700","display_name":"Nondestructive testing","level":2,"score":0.4542747437953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.44658544659614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6441794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420867","display_name":"Eddy-current testing","level":3,"score":0.44569751620292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131357438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208598","display_name":"Eddy current","level":2,"score":0.440656840801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4352670907974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145665481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123339","display_name":"Honeycomb","level":2,"score":0.43494054675102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.42356887459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.4149194359779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85463006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620529","display_name":"Sandwich-structured composite","level":3,"score":0.4118993282318115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.38514384627342224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.27831578254699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17387878894805908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1550573706626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1469399333000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2114/pdf?version=1505377715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28906434","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28906434","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5620663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5620663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:03b53e58dfe84eceb140ad423ae72e33","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/03b53e58dfe84eceb140ad423ae72e33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 9, p 2114 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/9/2114/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 9; Pages: 2114","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2114/pdf?version=1505377715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2745510169.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2745510169.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60358719","https://openalex.org/W1965714220","https://openalex.org/W1967797173","https://openalex.org/W1980604880","https://openalex.org/W1981925331","https://openalex.org/W1983782532","https://openalex.org/W1989274605","https://openalex.org/W1989824271","https://openalex.org/W2006765251","https://openalex.org/W2008722221","https://openalex.org/W2015270622","https://openalex.org/W2025272970","https://openalex.org/W2032346477","https://openalex.org/W2033521448","https://openalex.org/W2033807860","https://openalex.org/W2040657926","https://openalex.org/W2043702049","https://openalex.org/W2051411240","https://openalex.org/W2057685726","https://openalex.org/W2058155996","https://openalex.org/W2058216220","https://openalex.org/W2059185410","https://openalex.org/W2059676144","https://openalex.org/W2061823850","https://openalex.org/W2063576346","https://openalex.org/W2068154210","https://openalex.org/W2069683785","https://openalex.org/W2083464876","https://openalex.org/W2087687625","https://openalex.org/W2091663291","https://openalex.org/W2091673050","https://openalex.org/W2096161421","https://openalex.org/W2097419490","https://openalex.org/W2126196689","https://openalex.org/W2129756534","https://openalex.org/W2165322531","https://openalex.org/W2165617625","https://openalex.org/W2169561277","https://openalex.org/W2282856112","https://openalex.org/W4242667234","https://openalex.org/W4246002446"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2744634501","https://openalex.org/W2021292633","https://openalex.org/W4297919827","https://openalex.org/W2626436566","https://openalex.org/W2386704319","https://openalex.org/W2770698568","https://openalex.org/W4381850240","https://openalex.org/W2801824711","https://openalex.org/W2495563573","https://openalex.org/W2075431388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surface":[0],"damage":[1,42,73,171,246],"on":[2,17,43,74],"honeycomb":[3,79,221],"aircraft":[4,80,243],"panels":[5],"is":[6,11,24,34],"often":[7],"measured":[8],"manually,":[9],"and":[10,33,82,124,149],"therefore":[12],"subject":[13],"to":[14,26,86,108,159,194],"variation":[15],"based":[16],"inspection":[18,51,70],"personnel.":[19],"Eddy":[20],"current":[21],"testing":[22,48],"(ECT)":[23],"sensitive":[25],"variations":[27],"in":[28,180],"probe-to-specimen":[29],"spacing,":[30],"or":[31],"lift-off,":[32],"thus":[35],"promising":[36],"for":[37,143,166,235,240],"high-resolution":[38],"profiling":[39],"of":[40,71,97,120,146,173],"surface":[41,72,101,129,245],"aluminum":[44,78],"panels.":[45],"Lower":[46],"frequency":[47],"also":[49,141],"allows":[50],"through":[52],"the":[53,68,84,98,106,135,144,153,220],"face":[54],"sheet,":[55],"an":[56,75],"advantage":[57],"over":[58],"optical":[59,90,206],"3D":[60,91,207],"scanning":[61,92,111],"methods.":[62],"This":[63],"paper":[64],"presents":[65],"results":[66],"from":[67,182],"ECT":[69,95,154,232],"approximately":[76],"flat":[77],"panel,":[81],"compares":[83],"measurements":[85,203],"those":[87],"taken":[88,115,204],"using":[89,161],"technology.":[93],"An":[94],"C-Scan":[96],"dented":[99],"panel":[100,138,244],"was":[102,114,130,157,185,189,224],"obtained":[103],"by":[104],"attaching":[105],"probe":[107,168],"a":[109,214,230,238],"robotic":[110],"apparatus.":[112],"Data":[113,156],"simultaneously":[116],"at":[117,191,210],"four":[118],"frequencies":[119],"25,":[121],"100,":[122],"400":[123],"1600":[125,192],"kHz.":[126],"A":[127,170],"reference":[128],"then":[131],"defined":[132],"that":[133],"approximated":[134],"original,":[136],"undamaged":[137],"surface,":[139],"which":[140,223],"compensated":[142],"effects":[145],"specimen":[147],"tilt":[148],"thermal":[150],"drift":[151],"within":[152,195,219],"instrument.":[155],"converted":[158],"lift-off":[160],"height":[162],"calibration":[163],"curves":[164],"developed":[165],"each":[167],"frequency.":[169],"region":[172],"22,550":[174],"mm\u00b2":[175],"area":[176],"with":[177,201],"dents":[178],"ranging":[179],"depth":[181],"0.13-1.01":[183],"mm":[184,197,216],"analyzed.":[186],"The":[187],"method":[188,239],"accurate":[190],"kHz":[193,212],"0.05":[196],"(2\u03c3)":[198],"when":[199],"compared":[200],"231":[202],"via":[205,226],"scanning.":[208],"Testing":[209],"25":[211],"revealed":[213],"3.2":[215],"cell":[217],"size":[218],"core,":[222],"confirmed":[225],"destructive":[227],"evaluation.":[228],"As":[229],"result,":[231],"demonstrates":[233],"potential":[234],"implementation":[236],"as":[237],"rapid":[241],"in-field":[242],"assessment.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
