{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2753403518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","title":"A Robust Deep-Learning-Based Detector for Real-Time Tomato Plant Diseases and Pests Recognition","display_name":"A Robust Deep-Learning-Based Detector for Real-Time Tomato Plant Diseases and Pests Recognition","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2753403518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","mag":"2753403518","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28869539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2022/pdf?version=1504687369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2022/pdf?version=1504687369","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027683909","display_name":"Alvaro Fuentes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-1541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alvaro Fuentes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-1541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009339596","display_name":"Sook Yoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0194-3356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11893660","display_name":"Mokpo National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00v81k483","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sook Yoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea","Research Institute of Realistic Media and Technology, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Realistic Media and Technology, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11893660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040972996","display_name":"Sang Ryong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0299-1613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090624","display_name":"National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/000vy8681","country_code":"KR","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090624"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suwon 441-707, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suwon 441-707, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090624"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110552420","display_name":"Dong Jun Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8361-984X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80611190","display_name":"Jeonbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05q92br09","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dong Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT Convergence Research Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110552420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80611190"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":138.833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1539,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99991894,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"9","first_page":"2022","last_page":"2022"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.591454803943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44410914182662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4388725757598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38821840286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09109121561050415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.591454803943634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44410914182662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4388725757598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38821840286254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09109121561050415}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010935","descriptor_name":"Plant Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2022/pdf?version=1504687369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28869539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28869539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c120bc97bd214e76bb4f735e6e63a351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c120bc97bd214e76bb4f735e6e63a351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 9, p 2022 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/9/2022/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 9; Pages: 2022","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5620500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5620500","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17092022","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092022","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/9/2022/pdf?version=1504687369","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2753403518.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1974248578","https://openalex.org/W1992842489","https://openalex.org/W2003109888","https://openalex.org/W2019610851","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2037214772","https://openalex.org/W2050387150","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2114740251","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118885779","https://openalex.org/W2119943273","https://openalex.org/W2134152049","https://openalex.org/W2142019553","https://openalex.org/W2142098936","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2162772680","https://openalex.org/W2166174464","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2403813860","https://openalex.org/W2470368200","https://openalex.org/W2473156356","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W2519463357","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2557728737","https://openalex.org/W2583727554","https://openalex.org/W2584792494","https://openalex.org/W2591488792","https://openalex.org/W2594680180","https://openalex.org/W2604194943","https://openalex.org/W2612844455","https://openalex.org/W2733343268","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4233016643","https://openalex.org/W4237497190","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6632223008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Plant":[0],"Diseases":[1,200],"and":[2,14,20,54,68,116,148,159,162,169,173,180,191,201,210,215,222,242],"Pests":[3,202],"are":[4,129],"a":[5,15,62,165,253],"major":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,22,39,70,224],"the":[9,49,88,124,154,178,182,225,245],"agriculture":[10],"sector.":[11],"An":[12],"accurate":[13],"faster":[16],"detection":[17,53],"of":[18,51,102,126,137,156,184,240],"diseases":[19,67,209,241],"pests":[21,69],"plants":[23,72],"could":[24],"help":[25],"to":[26,46,65,86,176,247],"develop":[27],"an":[28],"early":[29],"treatment":[30],"technique":[31],"while":[32],"substantially":[33],"reducing":[34],"economic":[35],"losses.":[36],"Recent":[37],"developments":[38],"Deep":[40],"Neural":[41,107],"Networks":[42],"have":[43],"allowed":[44],"researchers":[45],"drastically":[47],"improve":[48],"accuracy":[50,179],"object":[52],"recognition":[55],"systems.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58,127],"paper,":[59],"we":[60,97],"present":[61],"deep-learning-based":[63],"approach":[64],"detect":[66],"tomato":[71],"using":[73],"images":[74,207],"captured":[75],"in-place":[76],"by":[77],"camera":[78],"devices":[79],"with":[80,140,208,244,249],"various":[81],"resolutions.":[82],"Our":[83],"goal":[84],"is":[85],"find":[87],"more":[89],"suitable":[90],"deep-learning":[91],"architecture":[92],"for":[93,123,167],"our":[94,193,197,231],"task.":[95],"Therefore,":[96],"consider":[98],"three":[99],"main":[100],"families":[101],"detectors:":[103],"Faster":[104],"Region-based":[105,111],"Convolutional":[106,113],"Network":[108,114,150],"(Faster":[109],"R-CNN),":[110],"Fully":[112],"(R-FCN),":[115],"Single":[117],"Shot":[118],"Multibox":[119],"Detector":[120],"(SSD),":[121],"which":[122,204],"purpose":[125],"work":[128],"called":[130],"\"deep":[131,141],"learning":[132],"meta-architectures\".":[133],"We":[134,152,189],"combine":[135],"each":[136],"these":[138],"meta-architectures":[139,158],"feature":[142,160],"extractors\"":[143],"such":[144,218],"as":[145,219],"VGG":[146],"net":[147],"Residual":[149],"(ResNet).":[151],"demonstrate":[153],"performance":[155],"deep":[157],"extractors,":[161],"additionally":[163],"propose":[164],"method":[166],"local":[168],"global":[170],"class":[171],"annotation":[172],"data":[174],"augmentation":[175],"increase":[177],"reduce":[181],"number":[183],"false":[185],"positives":[186],"during":[187],"training.":[188],"train":[190],"test":[192],"systems":[194],"end-to-end":[195],"on":[196],"large":[198],"Tomato":[199],"Dataset,":[203],"contains":[205],"challenging":[206],"pests,":[211,243],"including":[212],"several":[213],"inter-":[214],"extra-class":[216],"variations,":[217],"infection":[220],"status":[221],"location":[223],"plant.":[226],"Experimental":[227],"results":[228],"show":[229],"that":[230],"proposed":[232],"system":[233],"can":[234],"effectively":[235],"recognize":[236],"nine":[237],"different":[238],"types":[239],"ability":[246],"deal":[248],"complex":[250],"scenarios":[251],"from":[252],"plant's":[254],"surrounding":[255],"area.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":93},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":213},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":243},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":251},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":226},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":222},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":161},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}