{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2732835331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","title":"GNSS Spoofing Detection and Mitigation Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation","display_name":"GNSS Spoofing Detection and Mitigation Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2732835331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","mag":"2732835331","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28665318"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17071532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/7/1532/pdf?version=1498811207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/7/1532/pdf?version=1498811207","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011019312","display_name":"Fei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-3584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-3584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869288","display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032262275","display_name":"Mingquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101869288"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":55.4304,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9961155,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"7","first_page":"1532","last_page":"1532"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9546146392822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9352854490280151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-mitigation","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","score":0.7558709383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.6539520025253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5986405611038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4364590048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.42944642901420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-function","display_name":"Likelihood function","score":0.41425538063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likelihood-ratio-test","display_name":"Likelihood-ratio test","score":0.4129642844200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4078338146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.40071409940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30680909752845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.2219754457473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1964355707168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17993023991584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1669488549232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.143081933259964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9546146392822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9352854490280151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776015439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25313558","display_name":"Multipath mitigation","level":4,"score":0.7558709383010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.6539520025253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5986405611038208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4364590048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.42944642901420593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89106044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45284","display_name":"Likelihood function","level":3,"score":0.41425538063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9483764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585740","display_name":"Likelihood-ratio test","level":2,"score":0.4129642844200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4078338146209717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.40071409940719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30680909752845764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.2219754457473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1964355707168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17993023991584778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1669488549232483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.143081933259964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17071532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/7/1532/pdf?version=1498811207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28665318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28665318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4394236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5539650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/7/1532/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 7; Pages: 1532","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17071532","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071532","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/7/1532/pdf?version=1498811207","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5476844139","display_name":"\u9762\u5411GNSS\u7528\u6237\u7ec8\u7aef\u7684\u534f\u540c\u5f0f\u53cd\u6b3a\u9a97\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571255","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2732835331.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2732835331.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W1557560302","https://openalex.org/W1684424876","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1968787321","https://openalex.org/W1980494386","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2015086338","https://openalex.org/W2063551896","https://openalex.org/W2086990111","https://openalex.org/W2105044760","https://openalex.org/W2110238111","https://openalex.org/W2121182939","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2140699428","https://openalex.org/W2142462049","https://openalex.org/W2159470227","https://openalex.org/W2161248118","https://openalex.org/W2167320704","https://openalex.org/W2220234000","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2411585423","https://openalex.org/W2537403352","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2588687753","https://openalex.org/W2600863430","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W6689089087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3117915744","https://openalex.org/W2946441290","https://openalex.org/W3094739792","https://openalex.org/W3007615639","https://openalex.org/W2588821290","https://openalex.org/W4206544536","https://openalex.org/W4306925863","https://openalex.org/W1979570269","https://openalex.org/W4317608991","https://openalex.org/W2732835331"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spoofing":[0],"attacks":[1,74],"are":[2,124,139,167],"threatening":[3],"the":[4,49,58,64,77,88,91,98,108,128,144,147,152,157,162,177],"global":[5],"navigation":[6,78,109],"satellite":[7],"system":[8],"(GNSS).":[9],"The":[10],"maximum":[11],"likelihood":[12,93],"estimation":[13],"(MLE)-based":[14],"positioning":[15,20,50,114],"technique":[16],"is":[17,69,82,102,115],"a":[18,37,44],"direct":[19],"method":[21,34,153],"originally":[22],"developed":[23],"for":[24,40,84],"multipath":[25],"rejection":[26],"and":[27,51,75,122,164],"weak":[28],"signal":[29],"processing.":[30],"We":[31],"find":[32],"this":[33],"also":[35,140],"has":[36],"potential":[38],"ability":[39],"GNSS":[41,136,180],"anti-spoofing":[42,129],"since":[43],"spoofing":[45,73,85,137,163,184],"attack":[46],"that":[47,151],"misleads":[48],"timing":[52],"result":[53],"will":[54],"cause":[55],"distortion":[56],"to":[57,71,104,126,142],"MLE":[59,99],"cost":[60,100],"function.":[61],"Based":[62],"on":[63],"method,":[65],"an":[66],"estimation-cancellation":[67],"approach":[68],"presented":[70],"detect":[72],"recover":[76],"solution.":[79],"A":[80],"statistic":[81],"derived":[83],"detection":[86],"with":[87,132],"principle":[89],"of":[90,146,179],"generalized":[92],"ratio":[94],"test":[95],"(GLRT).":[96],"Then,":[97],"function":[101],"decomposed":[103],"further":[105],"validate":[106,143],"whether":[107],"solution":[110],"obtained":[111],"by":[112,117],"MLE-based":[113],"formed":[116],"consistent":[118],"signals.":[119],"Both":[120],"formulae":[121],"simulations":[123],"provided":[125],"evaluate":[127],"performance.":[130],"Experiments":[131],"recordings":[133],"in":[134],"real":[135],"scenarios":[138],"performed":[141],"practicability":[145],"approach.":[148],"Results":[149],"show":[150],"works":[154],"even":[155],"when":[156],"code":[158,172],"phase":[159],"differences":[160],"between":[161],"authentic":[165],"signals":[166],"much":[168],"less":[169],"than":[170],"one":[171],"chip,":[173],"which":[174],"can":[175],"improve":[176],"availability":[178],"service":[181],"greatly":[182],"under":[183],"attacks.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
