{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2621092883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","title":"Air Flow Detection in Crude Oil by Infrared Light","display_name":"Air Flow Detection in Crude Oil by Infrared Light","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2621092883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","mag":"2621092883","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28587185"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1278/pdf?version=1496470072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1278/pdf?version=1496470072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045052364","display_name":"Guilherme Dutra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2612-651X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme Dutra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2612-651X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068368103","display_name":"C\u00edcero Martelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-7847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cicero Martelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017487342","display_name":"Marco J. da Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1955-8293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075436457","display_name":"Rodolfo L. Patyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-3035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodolfo Patyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering (CPGEI), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031182921","display_name":"Rigoberto Morales","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3297-7361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rigoberto Morales","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Program in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (PPGEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Program in Mechanical and Materials Engineering (PPGEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multiphase Flow Research Center (NUEM), Federal University of Technology-PR, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068368103"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1641,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75381753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"1278","last_page":"1278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9925000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11630","display_name":"Petroleum Processing and Analysis","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10864","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Mixing","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refraction","display_name":"Refraction","score":0.7100605964660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6383219957351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","score":0.628417432308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5673835277557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5317942500114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5015225410461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petroleum","display_name":"Petroleum","score":0.46199536323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.45434755086898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-crude-oil","display_name":"Light crude oil","score":0.42889949679374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.32541126012802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3233029246330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.195159912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17192241549491882}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205318122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72277","display_name":"Refraction","level":2,"score":0.7100605964660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6383219957351685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.628417432308197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5673835277557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5317942500114441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5015225410461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548895740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Petroleum","level":2,"score":0.46199536323547363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43571822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599037","display_name":"Near-infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.45434755086898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28292411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047462","display_name":"Light crude oil","level":2,"score":0.42889949679374695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.32541126012802124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3233029246330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.195159912109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17192241549491882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1278/pdf?version=1496470072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28587185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28587185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7995a59e1d14784a2f9b8b7f6d507d3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7995a59e1d14784a2f9b8b7f6d507d3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 6, p 1278 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4343106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5492343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/6/1278/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 6; Pages: 1278","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1278/pdf?version=1496470072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322468","display_name":"Petrobras","ror":"https://ror.org/0235kyq22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322772","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","ror":"https://ror.org/02r7nkw81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331167","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2621092883.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2621092883.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W790314566","https://openalex.org/W1553296134","https://openalex.org/W1986922428","https://openalex.org/W1990101252","https://openalex.org/W2001028188","https://openalex.org/W2008064763","https://openalex.org/W2013236915","https://openalex.org/W2031700541","https://openalex.org/W2049399822","https://openalex.org/W2051193093","https://openalex.org/W2065791270","https://openalex.org/W2066064146","https://openalex.org/W2073284976","https://openalex.org/W2085765714","https://openalex.org/W2138574603","https://openalex.org/W2140209997","https://openalex.org/W2143329037","https://openalex.org/W2210246327","https://openalex.org/W4302413624","https://openalex.org/W6831677185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246564541","https://openalex.org/W2381835180","https://openalex.org/W2359249151","https://openalex.org/W2374614594","https://openalex.org/W2345350809","https://openalex.org/W3156127412","https://openalex.org/W894432251","https://openalex.org/W2405687530","https://openalex.org/W1998825695","https://openalex.org/W2391549584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,164],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"used":[4],"infrared":[5],"light":[6,34,52],"in":[7,26,75,137,141],"the":[8,48,66,69,73,90,101,107,114,120,132,146,169],"range":[9],"of":[10,68,72,89,103,113,116,134,160,171],"8-12":[11],"\u03bcm":[12],"to":[13,21,43,51,152,157],"develop":[14],"and":[15,36,55,65,96,140,175],"test":[16],"an":[17],"optical":[18,95,122,128],"imaging":[19,129],"system":[20,29,130],"detect":[22],"air":[23,135],"bubbles":[24,76],"flowing":[25],"oil.":[27],"The":[28,86,126],"basically":[30],"comprises":[31],"a":[32,37,60,80,111],"broadband":[33],"source":[35],"31":[38],"\u00d7":[39],"32":[40],"thermopile":[41],"array":[42],"generate":[44],"images.":[45],"To":[46,99],"analyze":[47],"effects":[49],"related":[50],"absorption,":[53],"reflection,":[54],"refraction":[56,70],"on":[57,106,119],"air-oil":[58],"boundaries,":[59],"numerical":[61],"model":[62],"was":[63,84,124,150],"developed":[64,127],"predominance":[67],"instead":[71],"absorption":[74],"with":[77],"diameters":[78],"below":[79],"certain":[81],"critical":[82],"value":[83],"observed.":[85],"IR":[87,173],"region":[88],"electromagnetic":[91],"spectrum":[92],"has":[93],"both":[94],"thermic":[97],"behavior.":[98],"understand":[100],"limits":[102],"each":[104],"effect":[105],"oil":[108,139,161],"flow":[109,136],"imaging,":[110],"study":[112],"influence":[115],"temperature":[117],"variation":[118],"petroleum":[121],"detection":[123,133],"performed.":[125],"allowed":[131],"static":[138],"oil-air":[142],"two-phase":[143],"flow.":[144],"With":[145],"presented":[147],"system,":[148],"it":[149],"possible":[151],"achieve":[153],"images":[154],"through":[155],"up":[156],"12":[158],"mm":[159],"volumes,":[162],"but":[163],"may":[165],"be":[166],"enhanced":[167],"by":[168],"use":[170],"optimized":[172],"sources":[174],"detectors.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}