{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2617556070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","title":"Belief Interval of Dempster-Shafer Theory for Line-of-Sight Identification in Indoor Positioning Applications","display_name":"Belief Interval of Dempster-Shafer Theory for Line-of-Sight Identification in Indoor Positioning Applications","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2617556070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","mag":"2617556070","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28556823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1242/pdf?version=1496150030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1242/pdf?version=1496150030","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086835703","display_name":"Jinwu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6375-1184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002788638","display_name":"Tingyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8370-3986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102734768","display_name":"Li Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0527-1021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090106064","display_name":"Chung\u2010Ming Own","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Ming Own","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090106064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1456,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49489174,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"6","first_page":"1242","last_page":"1242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.9389010667800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.8948776721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dempster\u2013shafer-theory","display_name":"Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","score":0.8167722225189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7170606255531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5455126762390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5357711911201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5227996110916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5206750631332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4700333774089813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.4640461802482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45666295289993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4469982087612152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4463099539279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.44339823722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3426581025123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10298627614974976}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.9389010667800903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.8948776721954346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178011137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285997","display_name":"Dempster\u2013Shafer theory","level":2,"score":0.8167722225189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170606255531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5455126762390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5357711911201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5227996110916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5206750631332397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4700333774089813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.4640461802482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45666295289993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4469982087612152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4463099539279938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44339823722839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3426581025123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10298627614974976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1242/pdf?version=1496150030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28556823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28556823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1198b0f51534721a5ad705ebed2b251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1198b0f51534721a5ad705ebed2b251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 6, p 1242 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4343011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5492126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/6/1242/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 6; Pages: 1242","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17061242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061242","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1242/pdf?version=1496150030","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322701","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2617556070.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2617556070.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W886485206","https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1927744280","https://openalex.org/W1973466238","https://openalex.org/W1976210939","https://openalex.org/W1982240267","https://openalex.org/W2012197287","https://openalex.org/W2014603455","https://openalex.org/W2038896048","https://openalex.org/W2075295072","https://openalex.org/W2075744751","https://openalex.org/W2097619736","https://openalex.org/W2099215943","https://openalex.org/W2099244020","https://openalex.org/W2102987342","https://openalex.org/W2104485532","https://openalex.org/W2120788941","https://openalex.org/W2129088323","https://openalex.org/W2131868286","https://openalex.org/W2134041135","https://openalex.org/W2138114662","https://openalex.org/W2141080987","https://openalex.org/W2144893978","https://openalex.org/W2185967851","https://openalex.org/W2470447572","https://openalex.org/W2495248262","https://openalex.org/W2516943463","https://openalex.org/W2797148637","https://openalex.org/W3146840552","https://openalex.org/W4241489843","https://openalex.org/W4301347335","https://openalex.org/W6653545762","https://openalex.org/W6653884178","https://openalex.org/W6669369237","https://openalex.org/W6675514477","https://openalex.org/W6679618633"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W2904654071","https://openalex.org/W3004316703","https://openalex.org/W3149021053","https://openalex.org/W4389372489","https://openalex.org/W2124974059","https://openalex.org/W2341433667"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Location":[0],"data":[1,9],"are":[2,62,123],"among":[3],"the":[4,31,44,109,120,126,164],"most":[5,39,59],"widely":[6,155],"used":[7,156],"contextual":[8],"in":[10,95,116,178],"context-aware":[11],"and":[12,22,49,72,91,119,128,144,151],"ubiquitous":[13],"computing":[14],"applications.":[15],"Numerous":[16],"systems":[17,61],"with":[18,141],"distinct":[19],"deployment":[20],"costs":[21,90],"levels":[23,138],"of":[24,53,111],"positioning":[25,36,60,171],"accuracy":[26,172],"have":[27],"been":[28],"developed":[29],"over":[30],"past":[32],"decade":[33],"for":[34,77,131],"indoor":[35],"purposes.":[37],"The":[38,135,160],"useful":[40],"method":[41,105,166],"focuses":[42],"on":[43,64,108,125],"received":[45],"signal":[46,54,121],"strength":[47],"(RSS)":[48],"provides":[50],"a":[51,83,103],"set":[52],"transmission":[55],"access":[56],"points.":[57],"Furthermore,":[58],"based":[63],"non-line-of-sight":[65],"(NLOS)":[66],"rather":[67],"than":[68],"line-of-sight":[69],"(LOS)":[70],"conditions,":[71],"this":[73],"cause":[74],"ranging":[75],"errors":[76],"location":[78,179],"predictions.":[79,180],"Hence,":[80],"manually":[81],"compiling":[82],"fingerprint":[84],"database":[85],"measuring":[86],"RSS":[87],"involves":[88],"high":[89],"is":[92,106],"thus":[93],"impractical":[94],"online":[96],"prediction":[97],"environments.":[98],"In":[99],"our":[100],"proposed":[101,115,165],"method,":[102],"comparison":[104],"derived":[107],"basis":[110],"belief":[112],"intervals,":[113],"as":[114],"Dempster-Shafer":[117],"theory,":[118],"features":[122,143],"characterized":[124],"LOS":[127],"NLOS":[129],"conditions":[130],"different":[132,142,146],"field":[133],"experiments.":[134],"system":[136],"performance":[137],"were":[139],"examined":[140],"under":[145],"environments":[147],"through":[148],"robust":[149],"testing":[150],"by":[152],"using":[153],"several":[154],"machine":[157],"learning":[158],"methods.":[159],"results":[161],"showed":[162],"that":[163],"can":[167],"not":[168],"only":[169],"retain":[170],"but":[173],"also":[174],"save":[175],"computation":[176],"time":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}