{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2613780172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","title":"Photosensor-Based Latency Measurement System for Head-Mounted Displays","display_name":"Photosensor-Based Latency Measurement System for Head-Mounted Displays","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2613780172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","mag":"2613780172","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28505115"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17051112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/5/1112/pdf?version=1494816964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/5/1112/pdf?version=1494816964","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032736504","display_name":"Min\u2010Woo Seo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Woo Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034007692","display_name":"Song-Woo Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-8324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song-Woo Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036831919","display_name":"Sang-Lyn Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Lyn Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109285656","display_name":"Eui-Yeol Oh","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eui-Yeol Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062045923","display_name":"Jong\u2010Sang Baek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0989-2195"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Sang Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LG Display, Paju 10845, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084904773","display_name":"Suk\u2010Ju Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-956X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148751991","display_name":"Sogang University","ror":"https://ror.org/056tn4839","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suk-Ju Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-956X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084904773"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148751991"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.8044,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90704601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"5","first_page":"1112","last_page":"1112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11408","display_name":"Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7260651588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/luminance","display_name":"Luminance","score":0.6608567237854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-head-mounted-display","display_name":"Optical head-mounted display","score":0.6511770486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6250790357589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.5595563650131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5272276401519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.48536431789398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.45532986521720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4268779754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4165880084037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3587493896484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12375974655151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09745216369628906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7260651588439941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73313986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355386","display_name":"Luminance","level":2,"score":0.6608567237854004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9751117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105103","display_name":"Optical head-mounted display","level":2,"score":0.6511770486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6250790357589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.5595563650131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5272276401519775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.48536431789398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.45532986521720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4268779754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4165880084037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3587493896484375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12375974655151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09745216369628906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006257","descriptor_name":"Head","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006257","descriptor_name":"Head","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006257","descriptor_name":"Head","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009041","descriptor_name":"Motion Sickness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009041","descriptor_name":"Motion Sickness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009041","descriptor_name":"Motion Sickness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019416","descriptor_name":"Head Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17051112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/5/1112/pdf?version=1494816964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28505115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28505115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7cd6f08f1fa342588dc34e002e00f5dc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7cd6f08f1fa342588dc34e002e00f5dc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 5, p 1112 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4321819","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5470788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/5/1112/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 5; Pages: 1112","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17051112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17051112","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/5/1112/pdf?version=1494816964","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1418323155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A1A1004746","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5043446041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A1A1004746","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322382","display_name":"LG Display","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddh2c27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2613780172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2613780172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1097940859","https://openalex.org/W1593163947","https://openalex.org/W1975093075","https://openalex.org/W1987040117","https://openalex.org/W1994313517","https://openalex.org/W2012748804","https://openalex.org/W2021845646","https://openalex.org/W2023249985","https://openalex.org/W2078868438","https://openalex.org/W2138608053","https://openalex.org/W2149003305","https://openalex.org/W2187193902","https://openalex.org/W2297924971","https://openalex.org/W2394972018","https://openalex.org/W2604315660","https://openalex.org/W6635425622","https://openalex.org/W6686915203"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990245967","https://openalex.org/W2054177013","https://openalex.org/W4383506493","https://openalex.org/W1994772959","https://openalex.org/W2427340667","https://openalex.org/W2136398500","https://openalex.org/W2344345971","https://openalex.org/W3175074214","https://openalex.org/W4220933781","https://openalex.org/W2463283120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,135,152],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,35,88,125,139],"photosensor-based":[4],"latency":[5,16,46,143,156],"measurement":[6,36,53],"system":[7,37,54,74,109],"for":[8,21,124],"head-mounted":[9],"displays":[10],"(HMDs)":[11],"is":[12,17,38,67,81,116],"proposed.":[13],"The":[14,51],"motion-to-photon":[15],"the":[18,45,58,72,76,107,113,117,121,128,136,142,154,164,168],"greatest":[19],"reason":[20],"motion":[22],"sickness":[23],"and":[24,43,64,80,98,101,127],"dizziness":[25],"felt":[26],"by":[27],"users":[28],"when":[29,162],"wearing":[30],"an":[31,132],"HMD":[32],"system.":[33],"Therefore,":[34],"required":[39],"to":[40,47,146,149,159],"accurately":[41],"measure":[42,112],"analyze":[44],"reduce":[48],"these":[49,105],"problems.":[50],"existing":[52],"does":[55],"not":[56],"consider":[57],"actual":[59],"physical":[60,77,122],"movement":[61,79,123],"in":[62,167],"humans,":[63],"its":[65],"accuracy":[66],"also":[68],"very":[69],"low.":[70],"However,":[71],"proposed":[73,108],"considers":[75],"head":[78,89],"highly":[82],"accurate.":[83],"Specifically,":[84],"it":[85],"consists":[86],"of":[87,131],"position":[90],"model-based":[91],"rotary":[92],"platform,":[93],"pixel":[94],"luminance":[95,129],"change":[96,130],"detector,":[97],"signal":[99],"analysis":[100],"calculation":[102],"modules.":[103],"Using":[104],"modules,":[106],"can":[110],"exactly":[111],"latency,":[114],"which":[115],"time":[118],"difference":[119],"between":[120],"user":[126],"output":[133],"image.":[134],"experiment":[137],"using":[138],"commercial":[140],"HMD,":[141],"was":[144],"measured":[145,155],"be":[147],"up":[148,158],"47.05":[150],"ms.":[151],"addition,":[153],"increased":[157],"381.17":[160],"ms":[161],"increasing":[163],"rendering":[165],"workload":[166],"HMD.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}