{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2606344144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","title":"A Quadrilateral Geometry Classification Method and Device for Femtocell Positioning Networks","display_name":"A Quadrilateral Geometry Classification Method and Device for Femtocell Positioning Networks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2606344144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","mag":"2606344144","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28394305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/817/pdf?version=1491826065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/817/pdf?version=1491826065","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031551885","display_name":"Jeich Mar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8140-5808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeich Mar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Research Center, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan","Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Research Center, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112270638","display_name":"Tsung Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101864541","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1718-7310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99908691","display_name":"Yuan Ze University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fv1ds98","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications Engineering, Yuan-Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031551885"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99908691"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2923,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58208699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"817","last_page":"817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrilateral","display_name":"Quadrilateral","score":0.753203272819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.5916013717651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5323764681816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.5321649312973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution-of-precision","display_name":"Dilution of precision","score":0.5037698149681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4783717691898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37263965606689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3652503788471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3421449065208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2973073720932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24203133583068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.17940357327461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.11392372846603394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151756577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36810","display_name":"Quadrilateral","level":3,"score":0.753203272819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.5916013717651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5323764681816101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.5321649312973022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200499919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616896","display_name":"Dilution of precision","level":4,"score":0.5037698149681091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4783717691898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37263965606689453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3652503788471222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3421449065208435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2973073720932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24203133583068848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.17940357327461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.11392372846603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/817/pdf?version=1491826065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28394305","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28394305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4275869","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5422178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/4/817/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 4; Pages: 817","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040817","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040817","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/817/pdf?version=1491826065","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1052468712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 105-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1764160818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"105-2218-E-155-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3444474160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 105-2218-E-155-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3468423577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2606344144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2606344144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18908919","https://openalex.org/W2088706059","https://openalex.org/W2121308898","https://openalex.org/W2124756511","https://openalex.org/W2140019974","https://openalex.org/W2147584524","https://openalex.org/W2160691714","https://openalex.org/W2290459470","https://openalex.org/W2478503558","https://openalex.org/W4238254677","https://openalex.org/W4255522587","https://openalex.org/W6672647149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360076694","https://openalex.org/W2096908804","https://openalex.org/W2368666610","https://openalex.org/W1966528658","https://openalex.org/W2392637898","https://openalex.org/W2375297213","https://openalex.org/W2358970318","https://openalex.org/W2912478493","https://openalex.org/W2776253891","https://openalex.org/W4200404585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,149],"normalization":[4],"multi-layer":[5],"perception":[6],"(NMLP)":[7],"geometry":[8,46,60,68,84,158],"classifier":[9,69],"to":[10,29,52,80,109],"autonomously":[11],"determine":[12],"the":[13,31,34,40,54,58,65,73,76,82,91,111,117,129,135,142,145,165,168],"optimal":[14,83],"four":[15,87],"femtocell":[16],"evolved":[17],"Node":[18],"Bs":[19],"(FeNBs),":[20],"which":[21],"can":[22],"use":[23],"time":[24],"difference":[25],"of":[26,33,64,75,86,116,124,144,152,167],"arrival":[27],"(TDOA)":[28],"measure":[30],"location":[32],"macrocell":[35],"user":[36],"equipment":[37],"(MUE)":[38],"with":[39,148],"lowest":[41],"GDOP":[42],"value.":[43],"The":[44,62,114],"iterative":[45],"training":[47,55],"(IGT)":[48],"algorithm":[49],"is":[50,70,120,138],"designed":[51],"obtain":[53],"data":[56],"for":[57,89,103,141,164],"NMLP":[59,67],"classifier.":[61],"architecture":[63],"proposed":[66,118,136],"realized":[71],"in":[72,107],"server":[74],"cloud":[77],"computing":[78],"platform,":[79],"identify":[81],"disposition":[85,159],"FeNBs":[88],"positioning":[90,147],"MUE":[92,146],"located":[93],"between":[94],"two":[95,104],"buildings.":[96],"Six":[97],"by":[98,122],"six":[99],"neurons":[100],"are":[101,162],"chosen":[102],"hidden":[105],"layers,":[106],"order":[108],"shorten":[110],"convergent":[112],"time.":[113],"feasibility":[115],"method":[119,137],"demonstrated":[121],"means":[123],"numerical":[125],"simulations.":[126],"In":[127],"addition,":[128],"simulation":[130,169],"results":[131],"also":[132],"show":[133],"that":[134],"particularly":[139],"suitable":[140],"application":[143],"huge":[150],"number":[151],"FeNBs.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"three":[155],"quadrilateral":[156],"optimum":[157],"decision":[160],"criteria":[161],"analyzed":[163],"validation":[166],"results.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}