{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581082139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","title":"Facial Expression Recognition with Fusion Features Extracted from Salient Facial Areas","display_name":"Facial Expression Recognition with Fusion Features Extracted from Salient Facial Areas","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581082139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","mag":"2581082139","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/712/pdf?version=1490789350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/712/pdf?version=1490789350","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101608291","display_name":"Yanpeng Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanpeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724411","display_name":"Yibin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-5074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060769407","display_name":"Xin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-1957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113852285","display_name":"Rui Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113852285"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6964,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":82,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95996429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"712","last_page":"712"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.934602677822113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7084496021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.684719979763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6828334331512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.5827215313911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5582281947135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.46709364652633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.4226461350917816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.934602677822113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7084496021270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.684719979763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6828334331512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.5827215313911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5582281947135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.46709364652633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.4226461350917816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/712/pdf?version=1490789350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28353671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb5d9b49fbe24274b65a64646fd0dc92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb5d9b49fbe24274b65a64646fd0dc92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 4, p 712 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4275759","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5421672","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/4/712/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 4; Pages: 712","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17040712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040712","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/4/712/pdf?version=1490789350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581082139.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581082139.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968015059","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W1997838579","https://openalex.org/W1999707555","https://openalex.org/W2016163491","https://openalex.org/W2025688325","https://openalex.org/W2036868818","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2051410832","https://openalex.org/W2066332159","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2072241431","https://openalex.org/W2088575594","https://openalex.org/W2096044434","https://openalex.org/W2097290407","https://openalex.org/W2098305432","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2113952909","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2136063698","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2165644552","https://openalex.org/W2195207531","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2540801879","https://openalex.org/W3101572448","https://openalex.org/W6675736572","https://openalex.org/W6680968271","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329500892","https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W28991112","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2370726991","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W346861917","https://openalex.org/W2642127892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,201],"the":[1,54,60,81,85,90,94,98,101,121,141,170,174,179,184,190,198,203],"pattern":[2],"recognition":[3,220],"domain,":[4],"deep":[5,19,41,70],"architectures":[6,20],"are":[7,118,127,197],"currently":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"and":[11,33,115,134,168,237],"they":[12],"have":[13],"achieved":[14,64],"fine":[15],"results.":[16],"However,":[17],"these":[18],"make":[21],"particular":[22],"demands,":[23],"especially":[24],"in":[25,97,213],"terms":[26],"of":[27,57,93,172],"their":[28],"requirement":[29],"for":[30],"big":[31],"datasets":[32],"GPU.":[34],"Aiming":[35],"to":[36,100,139,177],"gain":[37],"better":[38,66],"results":[39],"without":[40],"networks,":[42],"we":[43,135],"propose":[44],"a":[45,65,150,188],"simplified":[46],"algorithm":[47,62,215,226],"framework":[48,216],"using":[49],"fusion":[50,124],"features":[51,110,117,212],"extracted":[52,119],"from":[53,111,120,194],"salient":[55,82,91,122,151,175,191],"areas":[56,83,92,152,176,181,192],"faces.":[58,86,163],"Furthermore,":[59],"proposed":[61],"has":[63,230],"result":[67],"than":[68],"some":[69],"architectures.":[71],"For":[72],"extracting":[73],"more":[74,108],"effective":[75],"features,":[76],"this":[77,225],"paper":[78,88,148,165],"firstly":[79,208],"defines":[80],"on":[84,210,234],"This":[87,147,164],"normalizes":[89],"same":[95,102,199],"location":[96],"faces":[99],"size;":[103],"therefore,":[104],"it":[105],"can":[106],"extracts":[107],"similar":[109],"different":[112,185,195],"subjects.":[113],"LBP":[114,211],"HOG":[116],"areas,":[123],"features'":[125],"dimensions":[126],"reduced":[128],"by":[129],"Principal":[130],"Component":[131],"Analysis":[132],"(PCA)":[133],"apply":[136],"several":[137],"classifiers":[138],"classify":[140],"six":[142],"basic":[143],"expressions":[144,158],"at":[145],"once.":[146],"proposes":[149,167],"definitude":[153],"method":[154,206],"which":[155,182,217],"uses":[156],"peak":[157],"frames":[159],"compared":[160],"with":[161],"neutral":[162],"also":[166],"applies":[169],"idea":[171],"normalizing":[173],"align":[178],"specific":[180],"express":[183],"expressions.":[186],"As":[187],"result,":[189],"found":[193],"subjects":[196],"size.":[200],"addition,":[202],"gamma":[204],"correction":[205],"is":[207],"applied":[209],"our":[214,219,228],"improves":[218],"rates":[221],"significantly.":[222],"By":[223],"applying":[224],"framework,":[227],"research":[229],"gained":[231],"state-of-the-art":[232],"performances":[233],"CK+":[235],"database":[236],"JAFFE":[238],"database.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
