{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2593334837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","title":"Label-Free Biological and Chemical Sensing Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Resonators: Past, Present, and Future","display_name":"Label-Free Biological and Chemical Sensing Using Whispering Gallery Mode Optical Resonators: Past, Present, and Future","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2593334837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","mag":"2593334837","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28282881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/540/pdf?version=1488974439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/540/pdf?version=1488974439","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066453320","display_name":"Judith Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1005-1755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039223","display_name":"University of Arizona Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04tvx8690","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4390039223"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Judith Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optical Sciences, Department of Chemistry &amp; Biochemistry, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, Department of Chemistry &amp; Biochemistry, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243","https://openalex.org/I4390039223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066453320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243","https://openalex.org/I4390039223"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.9687,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95701016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"540","last_page":"540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11449","display_name":"Mechanical and Optical Resonators","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whispering-gallery-wave","display_name":"Whispering-gallery wave","score":0.9018157124519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.8031224012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.509416401386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whispering-gallery","display_name":"Whispering gallery","score":0.4596632719039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4517377018928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.42621758580207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4080652892589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.378196656703949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2736485004425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2276991605758667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77255779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7993947","display_name":"Whispering-gallery wave","level":3,"score":0.9018157124519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.8031224012374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.509416401386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123342330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434964","display_name":"Whispering gallery","level":4,"score":0.4596632719039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4517377018928528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.42621758580207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4080652892589569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.378196656703949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2736485004425049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2276991605758667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/540/pdf?version=1488974439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28282881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28282881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ed19275709e1454cbc55add064ae0603","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ed19275709e1454cbc55add064ae0603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 540 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/3/540/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 3; Pages: 540","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5375826","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5375826","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/540/pdf?version=1488974439","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7179617038","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R21MH111109-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314666","display_name":"Partnership for Clean Competition","ror":"https://ror.org/05w8p5s11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2593334837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2593334837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":121,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1439051516","https://openalex.org/W1554342785","https://openalex.org/W1648934465","https://openalex.org/W1792494261","https://openalex.org/W1801776473","https://openalex.org/W1900812569","https://openalex.org/W1963666096","https://openalex.org/W1968875536","https://openalex.org/W1971351145","https://openalex.org/W1973714168","https://openalex.org/W1975668266","https://openalex.org/W1976162422","https://openalex.org/W1985422878","https://openalex.org/W1986493103","https://openalex.org/W1989717945","https://openalex.org/W1992185074","https://openalex.org/W1992759334","https://openalex.org/W1993041061","https://openalex.org/W1993099527","https://openalex.org/W1999507114","https://openalex.org/W2000358346","https://openalex.org/W2001467995","https://openalex.org/W2005581826","https://openalex.org/W2007423520","https://openalex.org/W2007469232","https://openalex.org/W2012605403","https://openalex.org/W2014545143","https://openalex.org/W2014827853","https://openalex.org/W2019099927","https://openalex.org/W2019699517","https://openalex.org/W2023997995","https://openalex.org/W2025297340","https://openalex.org/W2026339445","https://openalex.org/W2028023061","https://openalex.org/W2029694887","https://openalex.org/W2031287570","https://openalex.org/W2032409749","https://openalex.org/W2035306395","https://openalex.org/W2036536888","https://openalex.org/W2037112714","https://openalex.org/W2038323684","https://openalex.org/W2038356125","https://openalex.org/W2039034168","https://openalex.org/W2040440810","https://openalex.org/W2042024782","https://openalex.org/W2042154039","https://openalex.org/W2043853468","https://openalex.org/W2045184826","https://openalex.org/W2045788803","https://openalex.org/W2048006280","https://openalex.org/W2048108099","https://openalex.org/W2049232028","https://openalex.org/W2051276349","https://openalex.org/W2052873405","https://openalex.org/W2056127911","https://openalex.org/W2064895921","https://openalex.org/W2072023676","https://openalex.org/W2076927456","https://openalex.org/W2077338987","https://openalex.org/W2077609143","https://openalex.org/W2078508910","https://openalex.org/W2079450471","https://openalex.org/W2079654547","https://openalex.org/W2080673212","https://openalex.org/W2082588476","https://openalex.org/W2087569346","https://openalex.org/W2090826900","https://openalex.org/W2093729905","https://openalex.org/W2096156861","https://openalex.org/W2100767415","https://openalex.org/W2103968957","https://openalex.org/W2111655611","https://openalex.org/W2114689990","https://openalex.org/W2116182372","https://openalex.org/W2119858436","https://openalex.org/W2120168670","https://openalex.org/W2121664877","https://openalex.org/W2124414009","https://openalex.org/W2124987981","https://openalex.org/W2125487428","https://openalex.org/W2127601551","https://openalex.org/W2134434620","https://openalex.org/W2139536576","https://openalex.org/W2139751935","https://openalex.org/W2142862359","https://openalex.org/W2146823643","https://openalex.org/W2151480728","https://openalex.org/W2153113428","https://openalex.org/W2160699248","https://openalex.org/W2166250628","https://openalex.org/W2170746788","https://openalex.org/W2171009934","https://openalex.org/W2171601843","https://openalex.org/W2197817553","https://openalex.org/W2210693965","https://openalex.org/W2294564314","https://openalex.org/W2295229594","https://openalex.org/W2322774782","https://openalex.org/W2326475761","https://openalex.org/W2327761363","https://openalex.org/W2335471586","https://openalex.org/W2343462077","https://openalex.org/W2346442810","https://openalex.org/W2479314579","https://openalex.org/W2523257312","https://openalex.org/W2550720234","https://openalex.org/W2625648542","https://openalex.org/W3100783113","https://openalex.org/W3100784412","https://openalex.org/W3104617791","https://openalex.org/W3104915866","https://openalex.org/W3105225051","https://openalex.org/W3105607681","https://openalex.org/W3106081922","https://openalex.org/W3106332752","https://openalex.org/W4211100070","https://openalex.org/W4213289933","https://openalex.org/W4241634550","https://openalex.org/W4253479208","https://openalex.org/W4255084180","https://openalex.org/W6687435622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972035279","https://openalex.org/W2809071149","https://openalex.org/W4324394508","https://openalex.org/W3088357625","https://openalex.org/W2084872474","https://openalex.org/W2547387698","https://openalex.org/W2011216105","https://openalex.org/W2119844225","https://openalex.org/W2532341012","https://openalex.org/W1984916195"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sensitive":[0],"and":[1,5,20,26,36,42,63,98,109,131],"rapid":[2],"label-free":[3,72],"biological":[4,97],"chemical":[6,43,99],"sensors":[7,124],"are":[8],"needed":[9],"for":[10,38,112],"a":[11,54],"wide":[12],"variety":[13],"of":[14,24,34,65,79,96,106,122],"applications":[15],"including":[16],"early":[17],"disease":[18],"diagnosis":[19],"prognosis,":[21],"the":[22,32,60,77,86,90,94,113,119],"monitoring":[23],"food":[25],"water":[27],"quality,":[28],"as":[29,31,68,70],"well":[30,69],"detection":[33],"bacteria":[35],"viruses":[37],"public":[39],"health":[40],"concerns":[41],"threat":[44],"sensing.":[45],"Whispering":[46],"gallery":[47,81],"mode":[48,82],"optical":[49,83],"resonator":[50,84],"based":[51],"sensing":[52],"is":[53],"rapidly":[55],"developing":[56],"field":[57],"due":[58],"to":[59],"high":[61],"sensitivity":[62],"speed":[64],"these":[66,107,123],"devices":[67],"their":[71],"nature.":[73],"Here,":[74],"we":[75,117],"describe":[76],"history":[78],"whispering":[80],"sensors,":[85],"principles":[87],"behind":[88],"detection,":[89],"latest":[91],"developments":[92],"in":[93],"fields":[95],"sensing,":[100],"current":[101],"challenges":[102],"toward":[103],"widespread":[104],"adoption":[105],"devices,":[108],"an":[110],"outlook":[111],"future.":[114],"In":[115],"addition,":[116],"evaluate":[118],"performance":[120],"capabilities":[121],"across":[125],"three":[126],"key":[127],"parameters:":[128],"sensitivity,":[129],"selectivity,":[130],"speed.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
