{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2594076697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","title":"The Theoretical Highest Frame Rate of Silicon Image Sensors","display_name":"The Theoretical Highest Frame Rate of Silicon Image Sensors","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2594076697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","mag":"2594076697","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28264527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/483/pdf?version=1488360191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/483/pdf?version=1488360191","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057053234","display_name":"Takeharu ETOH","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-7221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takeharu Etoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan","Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082638313","display_name":"Anh Quang Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4198-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111430338","display_name":"Yoshinari Kamakura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshinari Kamakura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047532239","display_name":"Kazuhiro Shimonomura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1814-7767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135768898","display_name":"Ritsumeikan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0197nmd03","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I4390039241"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuhiro Shimonomura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110467606","display_name":"Thi Quynh Mai Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7472-7205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thi Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021361203","display_name":"Nobuya Mori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-5575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobuya Mori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057053234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135768898","https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":13.5324,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98116211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"483","last_page":"483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.7267334461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.6675549745559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.6281635165214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5949962735176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.5009899139404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/picosecond","display_name":"Picosecond","score":0.4741772413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.4658423662185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.446714848279953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4087789058685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32927191257476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3261985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26114726066589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.19252675771713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.120272696018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10499584674835205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.7267334461212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6675549745559692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.6281635165214539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5949962735176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5009899139404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55005982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3902709","display_name":"Picosecond","level":3,"score":0.4741772413253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4658423662185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.446714848279953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4087789058685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32927191257476807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3261985182762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26114726066589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.19252675771713257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.120272696018219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10499584674835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/483/pdf?version=1488360191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28264527","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28264527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:be984d34ecff46e68d95f9ae746f795a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/be984d34ecff46e68d95f9ae746f795a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 483 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/3/483/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 17; Issue 3; Pages: 483","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5375769","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5375769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17030483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17030483","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/3/483/pdf?version=1488360191","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1795174192","display_name":"Development of 10Gfps ultra-high speed silicon image sensor","funder_award_id":"16H04358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3696248344","display_name":"Development of a 4D-measurement technology of wind pressure with PSP and its application to the pressure field over wind waves","funder_award_id":"15H04050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594076697.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2594076697.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W643969235","https://openalex.org/W1213230770","https://openalex.org/W1513239724","https://openalex.org/W1971338870","https://openalex.org/W1980767929","https://openalex.org/W1991146807","https://openalex.org/W2016972657","https://openalex.org/W2022783579","https://openalex.org/W2023312750","https://openalex.org/W2025976924","https://openalex.org/W2027833764","https://openalex.org/W2032458705","https://openalex.org/W2040289161","https://openalex.org/W2056109167","https://openalex.org/W2060133417","https://openalex.org/W2062436661","https://openalex.org/W2081184575","https://openalex.org/W2083628537","https://openalex.org/W2101433729","https://openalex.org/W2104809602","https://openalex.org/W2177854375","https://openalex.org/W2208983963","https://openalex.org/W2210314030","https://openalex.org/W2490765418","https://openalex.org/W4251862649","https://openalex.org/W6940011064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2977517636","https://openalex.org/W2142311551","https://openalex.org/W1548368440","https://openalex.org/W1969179582","https://openalex.org/W2075082765","https://openalex.org/W2810129309","https://openalex.org/W2135082998","https://openalex.org/W2946288499","https://openalex.org/W2883717048","https://openalex.org/W2061141771"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,43,110],"frame":[1,44,146],"rate":[2,45,147],"of":[3,65,77,95,105,108,113,128],"the":[4,49,57,63,68,73,88,103,114,123,143],"digital":[5],"high-speed":[6],"video":[7],"camera":[8],"was":[9,81],"2000":[10],"frames":[11],"per":[12],"second":[13],"(fps)":[14],"in":[15],"1989,":[16],"and":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"exponentially":[20],"increasing.":[21],"A":[22],"simulation":[23],"study":[24],"showed":[25],"that":[26,87],"a":[27,33],"silicon":[28,78,133],"image":[29,79,134],"sensor":[30],"made":[31],"with":[32,97],"130":[34],"nm":[35,130],"process":[36],"technology":[37],"can":[38],"achieve":[39],"about":[40],"1010":[41],"fps.":[42],"seems":[46],"to":[47,132],"approach":[48],"upper":[50],"bound.":[51],"Rayleigh":[52],"proposed":[53],"an":[54],"expression":[55,112],"on":[56],"theoretical":[58,144],"spatial":[59],"resolution":[60,64,75],"limit":[61,76,89,115,124],"when":[62],"lenses":[66],"approached":[67],"limit.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"temporal":[74],"sensors":[80,135],"theoretically":[82],"analyzed.":[83],"It":[84],"is":[85,90,116,139,148],"revealed":[86],"mainly":[91],"governed":[92],"by":[93,102],"mixing":[94],"charges":[96],"different":[98],"travel":[99],"times":[100],"caused":[101],"distribution":[104],"penetration":[106],"depth":[107],"light.":[109],"derived":[111],"extremely":[117],"simple,":[118],"yet":[119],"accurate.":[120],"For":[121],"example,":[122],"for":[125],"green":[126],"light":[127],"550":[129],"incident":[131],"at":[136],"300":[137],"K":[138],"11.1":[140],"picoseconds.":[141],"Therefore,":[142],"highest":[145],"90.1":[149],"Gfps":[150],"(about":[151],"1011":[152],"fps).":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}