{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2581106238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","title":"Set-Based Discriminative Measure for Electrocardiogram Beat Classification","display_name":"Set-Based Discriminative Measure for Electrocardiogram Beat Classification","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2581106238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","mag":"2581106238","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17020234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/2/234/pdf?version=1485342705","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/2/234/pdf?version=1485342705","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318314","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9235-9429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641148","display_name":"Jianqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2472-5060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83519826","display_name":"Nanjing Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gcgy73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China","School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83519826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680085","display_name":"Qin Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-7224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100318314"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0714,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78477059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"234","last_page":"234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7771258354187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.554378092288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beat","display_name":"Beat (acoustics)","score":0.5402535796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5210142135620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.484384149312973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.472942590713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4661271572113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2846812605857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12780404090881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0768517553806305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7771258354187012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.554378092288971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189809214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829522","display_name":"Beat (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.5402535796165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5210142135620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.484384149312973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.472942590713501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4661271572113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2846812605857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12780404090881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0768517553806305}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001145","descriptor_name":"Arrhythmias, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17020234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/2/234/pdf?version=1485342705","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28125072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a94d49a17e74c93bd56099ab6b0cba5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a94d49a17e74c93bd56099ab6b0cba5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 17, Iss 2, p 234 (2017)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/17/2/234/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5335983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5335983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s17020234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/2/234/pdf?version=1485342705","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2626896578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant Number:","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3216677882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201606","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4911263489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G558752172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8279103191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20160697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581106238.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2581106238.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W815051709","https://openalex.org/W830543164","https://openalex.org/W1563140143","https://openalex.org/W1584461881","https://openalex.org/W1596410209","https://openalex.org/W1900165402","https://openalex.org/W1972196176","https://openalex.org/W1973982591","https://openalex.org/W1977318321","https://openalex.org/W1983446375","https://openalex.org/W1983903026","https://openalex.org/W1993356729","https://openalex.org/W2013897391","https://openalex.org/W2055741845","https://openalex.org/W2059402998","https://openalex.org/W2063923412","https://openalex.org/W2069081297","https://openalex.org/W2074820813","https://openalex.org/W2080883481","https://openalex.org/W2091076299","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2101108924","https://openalex.org/W2101166342","https://openalex.org/W2103308415","https://openalex.org/W2106053110","https://openalex.org/W2112287441","https://openalex.org/W2115669554","https://openalex.org/W2125247566","https://openalex.org/W2130129780","https://openalex.org/W2131609494","https://openalex.org/W2134348239","https://openalex.org/W2160094351","https://openalex.org/W2160986881","https://openalex.org/W2169495281","https://openalex.org/W2181608983","https://openalex.org/W2251133041","https://openalex.org/W2277019862","https://openalex.org/W2311534162","https://openalex.org/W2333414777","https://openalex.org/W2397963423","https://openalex.org/W2483954857","https://openalex.org/W2505962718","https://openalex.org/W2507148354","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6683338658","https://openalex.org/W6684033456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389116644","https://openalex.org/W2153315159","https://openalex.org/W3103844505","https://openalex.org/W259157601","https://openalex.org/W4205463238","https://openalex.org/W2761785940","https://openalex.org/W1482209366","https://openalex.org/W2404514746","https://openalex.org/W1652783584","https://openalex.org/W2082783427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"aided":[1],"diagnosis":[2],"systems":[3],"can":[4],"help":[5],"to":[6,98,126],"reduce":[7],"the":[8,35,54,60,70,77,129,138,155],"high":[9],"mortality":[10],"rate":[11],"among":[12],"cardiac":[13],"patients.":[14],"Automatical":[15],"classification":[16,75],"of":[17,34,37,56,62,72,132,140,145],"electrocardiogram":[18],"(ECG)":[19],"beats":[20,153],"plays":[21],"an":[22],"important":[23],"role":[24],"in":[25,111,122,143],"such":[26,48,123],"systems,":[27],"but":[28],"this":[29,141],"issue":[30],"is":[31,50],"challenging":[32],"because":[33],"complexities":[36],"ECG":[38,73,109,152],"signals.":[39],"In":[40],"literature,":[41],"feature":[42],"designing":[43],"has":[44],"been":[45],"broadly-studied.":[46],"However,":[47],"methodology":[49],"inevitably":[51],"limited":[52],"by":[53],"heuristics":[55],"hand-crafting":[57],"process":[58],"and":[59,79,115,148],"challenge":[61],"signals":[63],"themselves.":[64],"To":[65],"address":[66],"it,":[67],"we":[68],"treat":[69],"problem":[71],"beat":[74],"from":[76,154],"metric":[78,96],"measurement":[80],"perspective.":[81],"We":[82],"propose":[83],"a":[84,94,112,118],"novel":[85],"approach,":[86],"named":[87],"\"Set-Based":[88],"Discriminative":[89],"Measure\",":[90],"which":[91],"first":[92],"learns":[93],"discriminative":[95],"space":[97,125],"ensure":[99],"that":[100],"intra-class":[101],"distances":[102,107],"are":[103],"smaller":[104],"than":[105],"inter-class":[106],"for":[108],"features":[110],"global":[113],"way,":[114],"then":[116],"measures":[117],"new":[119],"set-based":[120],"dissimilarity":[121],"learned":[124],"cope":[127],"with":[128],"local":[130],"variation":[131],"samples.":[133],"Experimental":[134],"results":[135],"have":[136],"demonstrated":[137],"advantage":[139],"approach":[142],"terms":[144],"effectiveness,":[146],"robustness,":[147],"flexibility":[149],"based":[150],"on":[151],"MIT-BIH":[156],"Arrhythmia":[157],"Database.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
