{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2563952234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","title":"A Novel Modification of PSO Algorithm for SML Estimation of DOA","display_name":"A Novel Modification of PSO Algorithm for SML Estimation of DOA","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2563952234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","mag":"2563952234","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27999377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2188/pdf?version=1482150864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2188/pdf?version=1482150864","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670007","display_name":"Haihua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haihua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8631-8102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036622666","display_name":"Shibao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3924-9001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005660769","display_name":"Jianhang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1612-7527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100724428","display_name":"Fen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-0838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102331285","display_name":"Masakiyo Suzuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98957242","display_name":"Kitami Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05wks2t16","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98957242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masakiyo Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami 090-8507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98957242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100670007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.2966,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89571236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"2188","last_page":"2188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.7842229008674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.741081714630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.7384703755378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.5690651535987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.556987464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5049751400947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.41971835494041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotational-invariance","display_name":"Rotational invariance","score":0.4144953787326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3234245777130127}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.7842229008674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.741081714630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.7384703755378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.5690651535987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.556987464427948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5049751400947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.41971835494041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33098168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108537107","display_name":"Rotational invariance","level":2,"score":0.4144953787326813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3234245777130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2188/pdf?version=1482150864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27999377","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27999377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3de24d23039f48b9a63e91576e3f35a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3de24d23039f48b9a63e91576e3f35a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 2188 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01268:0002090636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://kitami-it.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/8552","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/12/2188/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 12; Pages: 2188","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5191167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5191167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122188","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122188","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2188/pdf?version=1482150864","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G464446098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"15-9-1-80-jch","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5119044025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2014FM017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7680530395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61601519","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2563952234.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2563952234.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1917898002","https://openalex.org/W1972657627","https://openalex.org/W2017280489","https://openalex.org/W2017713888","https://openalex.org/W2029938263","https://openalex.org/W2036873843","https://openalex.org/W2039930475","https://openalex.org/W2041050174","https://openalex.org/W2097660156","https://openalex.org/W2098899822","https://openalex.org/W2106369199","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2115141757","https://openalex.org/W2116414176","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2136172079","https://openalex.org/W2140728947","https://openalex.org/W2143295575","https://openalex.org/W2143330906","https://openalex.org/W2148154358","https://openalex.org/W2159270596","https://openalex.org/W2159530033","https://openalex.org/W2163994287","https://openalex.org/W2172826581","https://openalex.org/W2343277812","https://openalex.org/W2952350176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005070313","https://openalex.org/W2114845579","https://openalex.org/W2534674033","https://openalex.org/W2367552329","https://openalex.org/W1970403696","https://openalex.org/W2598167841","https://openalex.org/W4206919906","https://openalex.org/W2954258749","https://openalex.org/W2801687921","https://openalex.org/W2069930369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,135],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,7,44,63,91,108,141,158,165,196,211,222,226,230,250,261],"issue":[4],"of":[5,10,16,28,46,111,140,157,167,169,198,249,263],"reducing":[6],"computational":[8,38,109,131,212],"complexity":[9,39,110,132,213],"Stochastic":[11],"Maximum":[12],"Likelihood":[13],"(SML)":[14],"estimation":[15,30,45,113,147],"Direction-of-Arrival":[17],"(DOA).":[18],"The":[19,69,154],"SML":[20,47,64,112,146,264],"algorithm":[21,65,74,94,117,144,224,235,238,246],"is":[22,40,49,59,75,118,192,247],"well-known":[23],"for":[24,82,145,260],"its":[25,37],"high":[26,42],"accuracy":[27],"DOA":[29,88],"in":[31,87,161,265],"sensor":[32],"array":[33],"signal":[34],"processing.":[35],"However,":[36,90],"very":[41],"because":[43],"criteria":[48],"a":[50,56,78,120,137,184,209],"multi-dimensional":[51,83],"non-linear":[52,84],"optimization":[53,85],"problem.":[54],"As":[55,208],"result,":[57,210],"it":[58,151,163,256],"hard":[60],"to":[61,66,129,182,195],"apply":[62],"real":[67,266],"systems.":[68,267],"Particle":[70],"Swarm":[71],"Optimization":[72],"(PSO)":[73],"considered":[76],"as":[77],"rather":[79],"efficient":[80,252],"method":[81],"problems":[86],"estimation.":[89],"conventional":[92,115,142,227],"PSO":[93,116,143,228],"suffers":[95],"two":[96,126],"defects,":[97],"namely,":[98],"too":[99,103],"many":[100,104],"particles":[101,201],"and":[102,128,148,177,202,236,255],"iteration":[105,204],"times.":[106],"Therefore,":[107],"using":[114],"still":[119],"little":[121],"high.":[122],"To":[123],"overcome":[124],"these":[125],"defects":[127],"reduce":[130],"further,":[133],"this":[134,189],"proposes":[136],"novel":[138,185],"modification":[139,159],"we":[149,220],"call":[150],"Joint-PSO":[152],"algorithm.":[153],"core":[155],"idea":[156],"lies":[160],"that":[162,243],"uses":[164],"solution":[166,197],"Estimation":[168],"Signal":[170],"Parameters":[171],"via":[172],"Rotational":[173],"Invariance":[174],"Techniques":[175],"(ESPRIT)":[176],"stochastic":[178],"Cramer-Rao":[179],"bound":[180],"(CRB)":[181],"determine":[183],"initialization":[186,190],"space.":[187],"Since":[188],"space":[191],"already":[193],"close":[194],"SML,":[199],"fewer":[200,203],"times":[205],"are":[206],"needed.":[207],"can":[214],"be":[215],"greatly":[216],"reduced.":[217],"In":[218],"simulation,":[219],"compare":[221],"proposed":[223,245],"with":[225],"algorithm,":[229],"classic":[231],"Altering":[232],"Minimization":[233],"(AM)":[234],"Genetic":[237],"(GA).":[239],"Simulation":[240],"results":[241],"show":[242],"our":[244],"one":[248],"most":[251],"solving":[253],"algorithms":[254],"shows":[257],"great":[258],"potential":[259],"application":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
