{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2560506154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","title":"A Target-Less Vision-Based Displacement Sensor Based on Image Convex Hull Optimization for Measuring the Dynamic Response of Building Structures","display_name":"A Target-Less Vision-Based Displacement Sensor Based on Image Convex Hull Optimization for Measuring the Dynamic Response of Building Structures","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2560506154","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","mag":"2560506154","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27941635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2085/pdf?version=1481179805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2085/pdf?version=1481179805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022688552","display_name":"Insub Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-3690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Insub Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2304-3690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009660402","display_name":"Jun\u2010hee Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0498-7207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JunHee Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100454682","display_name":"Dong\u2010Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-7770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonseiro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009660402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.2759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94893559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"12","first_page":"2085","last_page":"2085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.722832202911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-hull","display_name":"Convex hull","score":0.6602389216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hull","display_name":"Hull","score":0.6101717352867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4675983786582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.43212729692459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4229014217853546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.4191189706325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41378363966941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29411736130714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2057035267353058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.11617067456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.10562682151794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07484588027000427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.722832202911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206194317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138624","display_name":"Convex hull","level":3,"score":0.6602389216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37423430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6750281","display_name":"Hull","level":2,"score":0.6101717352867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4675983786582947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43212729692459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4229014217853546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.4191189706325531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41378363966941833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29411736130714417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2057035267353058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.11617067456245422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.10562682151794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07484588027000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2085/pdf?version=1481179805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27941635","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27941635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6bad945fc5f142c196a5db70c158e181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6bad945fc5f142c196a5db70c158e181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 12, p 2085 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/12/2085/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 12; Pages: 2085","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5191066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5191066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16122085","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122085","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/12/2085/pdf?version=1481179805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3278790090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014R1A1A1037787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4063068100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-22-0063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321314","funder_display_name":"Yonsei University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321314","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2560506154.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2560506154.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W983974944","https://openalex.org/W1011102521","https://openalex.org/W1637731468","https://openalex.org/W1657722972","https://openalex.org/W1970082723","https://openalex.org/W1970419152","https://openalex.org/W1973517168","https://openalex.org/W1989790499","https://openalex.org/W1995842737","https://openalex.org/W1998672769","https://openalex.org/W2010927255","https://openalex.org/W2011116614","https://openalex.org/W2011520966","https://openalex.org/W2013179640","https://openalex.org/W2048001377","https://openalex.org/W2050281639","https://openalex.org/W2053904120","https://openalex.org/W2056357968","https://openalex.org/W2065569664","https://openalex.org/W2066895232","https://openalex.org/W2072429229","https://openalex.org/W2072561833","https://openalex.org/W2073008462","https://openalex.org/W2080620733","https://openalex.org/W2081612234","https://openalex.org/W2083817567","https://openalex.org/W2086243709","https://openalex.org/W2111574906","https://openalex.org/W2113129892","https://openalex.org/W2113824684","https://openalex.org/W2116449393","https://openalex.org/W2118103974","https://openalex.org/W2129741225","https://openalex.org/W2143027081","https://openalex.org/W2144070725","https://openalex.org/W2153504150","https://openalex.org/W2153516404","https://openalex.org/W2177478906","https://openalex.org/W2243880376","https://openalex.org/W2336212902","https://openalex.org/W2336343481","https://openalex.org/W2397917083","https://openalex.org/W2491090875","https://openalex.org/W2613363896","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6668689660","https://openalex.org/W6712311078"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2467926385","https://openalex.org/W2893068807","https://openalex.org/W161301265","https://openalex.org/W2483619716","https://openalex.org/W4246461909","https://openalex.org/W2377576908","https://openalex.org/W2971424936","https://openalex.org/W2007256320","https://openalex.org/W2991249704","https://openalex.org/W563487689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"vision-based":[1,30],"displacement":[2,6,31,41,183,194,203,225,239,265,279],"sensors":[3],"(VDSs)":[4],"extract":[5,40,60,263],"data":[7,42,184,195,240,266,280],"through":[8,72,130,159],"changes":[9],"in":[10,51,69,98,162,287],"the":[11,20,52,55,63,67,70,82,94,105,108,112,117,121,138,145,152,164,179,182,187,193,197,210,214,223,231,248,255,258,264,275,285,288],"movement":[12],"of":[13,54,107,120,151,166,181,196,209,254,277,284],"a":[14,131,167,201],"target":[15,68],"that":[16,90,104],"is":[17,36,78,111],"identified":[18],"within":[19],"image":[21,53,71,73,100],"using":[22,222],"natural":[23,218,249,271],"or":[24,270],"artificial":[25,269],"structure":[26,198,286],"markers.":[27],"A":[28,172],"target-less":[29],"sensor":[32,204],"(hereafter":[33],"called":[34],"\"TVDS\")":[35],"proposed.":[37],"It":[38],"can":[39,59,92,124,261],"without":[43,66,268],"targets,":[44],"which":[45,77,163],"then":[46],"serve":[47],"as":[48,213,247],"feature":[49,64,113,122],"points":[50,65],"structure.":[56,256],"The":[57,149,206],"TVDS":[58,188,235,260],"and":[61,85,102,141,147,178,217,227,241,251],"track":[62],"convex":[74,96,109],"hull":[75,97,110],"optimization,":[76],"done":[79],"to":[80,86,127],"adjust":[81],"threshold":[83],"values":[84],"optimize":[87],"them":[88],"so":[89,103],"they":[91],"have":[93],"same":[95],"every":[99],"frame":[101],"center":[106],"point.":[114],"In":[115],"addition,":[116],"pixel":[118],"coordinates":[119,129],"point":[123],"be":[125],"converted":[126],"physical":[128],"scaling":[132,154],"factor":[133,155],"map":[134,156],"calculated":[135],"based":[136],"on":[137],"distance,":[139],"angle,":[140],"focal":[142],"length":[143],"between":[144],"camera":[146],"target.":[148],"accuracy":[150],"proposed":[153,259],"was":[157,170,176,189],"verified":[158],"an":[160],"experiment":[161],"diameter":[165],"circular":[168],"marker":[169],"estimated.":[171],"white-noise":[173],"excitation":[174],"test":[175],"conducted,":[177],"reliability":[180],"obtained":[185,224],"from":[186,281],"analyzed":[190],"by":[191],"comparing":[192],"measured":[199],"with":[200,230],"laser":[202],"(LDS).":[205],"dynamic":[207,244],"characteristics":[208],"structure,":[211],"such":[212,246],"mode":[215,252],"shape":[216,253],"frequency,":[219],"were":[220,228],"extracted":[221],"data,":[226],"compared":[229],"numerical":[232],"analysis":[233],"results.":[234],"yielded":[236],"highly":[237,242],"reliable":[238],"accurate":[243],"characteristics,":[245],"frequency":[250],"As":[257],"easily":[262],"even":[267],"markers,":[272],"it":[273],"has":[274],"advantage":[276],"extracting":[278],"any":[282],"portion":[283],"image.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
