{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2556302386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","title":"Localization of CO2 Leakage from a Circular Hole on a Flat-Surface Structure Using a Circular Acoustic Emission Sensor Array","display_name":"Localization of CO2 Leakage from a Circular Hole on a Flat-Surface Structure Using a Circular Acoustic Emission Sensor Array","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2556302386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","mag":"2556302386","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869765"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1951/pdf?version=1479539806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1951/pdf?version=1479539806","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019652175","display_name":"Xiwang Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5053-8317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiwang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078729695","display_name":"Yong Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7135-5456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023478890","display_name":"Miao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7733-5077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643458","display_name":"Xiaojuan Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-3948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojuan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001441001","display_name":"Yonghui Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7228-5418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019652175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.9119,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90197903,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1951","last_page":"1951"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12682","display_name":"Smart Materials for Construction","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-buffer","display_name":"Circular buffer","score":0.820449948310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.6056264042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leak","display_name":"Leak","score":0.5991054177284241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.5237460136413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustic-emission","display_name":"Acoustic emission","score":0.5148496031761169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.47685539722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directivity","display_name":"Directivity","score":0.4509179890155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-polarization","display_name":"Circular polarization","score":0.4435766637325287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circular-motion","display_name":"Circular motion","score":0.4435356855392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.37671807408332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32239702343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.23814073204994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.22343167662620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1691242754459381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1583416759967804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1581633985042572}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85686653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224994","display_name":"Circular buffer","level":2,"score":0.820449948310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.6056264042854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349983","display_name":"Leak","level":2,"score":0.5991054177284241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.5237460136413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174598085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746673","display_name":"Acoustic emission","level":2,"score":0.5148496031761169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47685539722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189039984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8225412","display_name":"Directivity","level":3,"score":0.4509179890155792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153201621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5121676","display_name":"Circular polarization","level":3,"score":0.4435766637325287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127635394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q715746","display_name":"Circular motion","level":2,"score":0.4435356855392456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.37671807408332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32239702343940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.23814073204994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.22343167662620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1691242754459381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1583416759967804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1581633985042572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639055","display_name":"Microstrip","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1951/pdf?version=1479539806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27869765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06611f497f264d72871e7acf54e3fbb6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06611f497f264d72871e7acf54e3fbb6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1951 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/11/1951/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 11; Pages: 1951","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5134610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5134610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111951","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111951","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1951/pdf?version=1479539806","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2556302386.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2556302386.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557966391","https://openalex.org/W1973048907","https://openalex.org/W1978242343","https://openalex.org/W1988779432","https://openalex.org/W1990825100","https://openalex.org/W1993260141","https://openalex.org/W2021124362","https://openalex.org/W2029991590","https://openalex.org/W2030319875","https://openalex.org/W2034814111","https://openalex.org/W2038737207","https://openalex.org/W2039640159","https://openalex.org/W2045890990","https://openalex.org/W2053537687","https://openalex.org/W2065182739","https://openalex.org/W2075897346","https://openalex.org/W2078509727","https://openalex.org/W2079881633","https://openalex.org/W2092061230","https://openalex.org/W2104745053","https://openalex.org/W2122470043","https://openalex.org/W2139023432","https://openalex.org/W2166336185","https://openalex.org/W2178051856","https://openalex.org/W2310593982"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390410898","https://openalex.org/W1967968747","https://openalex.org/W2392041785","https://openalex.org/W2134306090","https://openalex.org/W4366273149","https://openalex.org/W3183857160","https://openalex.org/W2960556968","https://openalex.org/W1981908728","https://openalex.org/W3009802635","https://openalex.org/W2360539420"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leak":[0],"localization":[1,28,106,234],"is":[2,112,152,183,235],"essential":[3],"for":[4],"the":[5,24,34,50,58,82,92,95,101,105,116,124,127,131,141,146,156,159,166,175,187,190,195,206,209,228,232],"safety":[6],"and":[7,45,55,72,98],"maintenance":[8],"of":[9,36,49,84,94,100,158,189,208],"storage":[10,39,46],"vessels.":[11],"This":[12],"study":[13],"proposes":[14],"a":[15,30,37,42,67,78,217],"novel":[16],"circular":[17,31,79,160,167,176,191,201,210],"acoustic":[18,102],"emission":[19],"sensor":[20,168,192,202],"array":[21,52,132,169,193,203],"to":[22,90,114,154,204],"realize":[23],"continuous":[25],"CO\u2082":[26],"leak":[27,73,118,161,177,211,233],"from":[29,77,126],"hole":[32,80],"on":[33,66,104,194,216],"surface":[35],"large":[38],"vessel":[40],"in":[41,81,130,231],"carbon":[43],"capture":[44],"system.":[47],"Advantages":[48],"proposed":[51,184],"are":[53,133],"analyzed":[54],"compared":[56],"with":[57],"common":[59],"sparse":[60],"arrays.":[61],"Experiments":[62],"were":[63,75],"carried":[64],"out":[65],"laboratory-scale":[68],"stainless":[69,223],"steel":[70,224],"plate":[71,225],"signals":[74,125],"obtained":[76,215],"center":[83],"this":[85],"flat-surface":[86,196],"structure.":[87],"In":[88],"order":[89],"reduce":[91],"influence":[93],"ambient":[96],"noise":[97],"dispersion":[99],"wave":[103],"accuracy,":[107],"ensemble":[108],"empirical":[109],"mode":[110],"decomposition":[111],"deployed":[113],"extract":[115],"useful":[117],"signal.":[119],"The":[120],"time":[121],"differences":[122,144],"between":[123,145],"adjacent":[128],"sensors":[129],"calculated":[134],"through":[135],"correlation":[136],"signal":[137],"processing":[138],"before":[139],"estimating":[140],"corresponding":[142],"distance":[143],"sensors.":[147],"A":[148],"hyperbolic":[149],"positioning":[150],"algorithm":[151],"used":[153],"identify":[155,205],"location":[157],"hole.":[162,178,212],"Results":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165,227],"has":[170],"very":[171],"good":[172],"directivity":[173],"toward":[174],"Furthermore,":[179],"an":[180],"optimized":[181],"method":[182],"by":[185],"changing":[186],"position":[188],"structure":[197],"or":[198],"adding":[199],"another":[200],"direction":[207],"Experiential":[213],"results":[214],"100":[218,221],"cm":[219,222],"\u00d7":[220],"demonstrate":[226],"full-scale":[229],"error":[230],"within":[236],"0.6%.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}