{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2555583207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","title":"Development of a Detection Algorithm for Use with Reflectance-Based, Real-Time Chemical Sensing","display_name":"Development of a Detection Algorithm for Use with Reflectance-Based, Real-Time Chemical Sensing","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2555583207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","mag":"2555583207","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27854335"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1927/pdf?version=1479356492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1927/pdf?version=1479356492","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080365508","display_name":"Anthony P. Malanoski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-888X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Malanoski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057198733","display_name":"Brandy J. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3637-0631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brandy Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3637-0631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010451110","display_name":"Jeffrey S. Erickson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-9872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Erickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088790462","display_name":"David A. Stenger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057198733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.3004,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61962092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1927","last_page":"1927"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6600760817527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6276401281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5711343884468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5609647035598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5145241618156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5081908702850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4668968617916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4619579315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3375152349472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.069073885679245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6600760817527771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6276401281356812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5711343884468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5609647035598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5145241618156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5081908702850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4668968617916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4619579315185547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3375152349472046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.069073885679245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1927/pdf?version=1479356492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27854335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27854335","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7cb76dae3d9a4aafa8ba05886f3de6c9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7cb76dae3d9a4aafa8ba05886f3de6c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1927 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/11/1927/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 11; Pages: 1927","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5134586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5134586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16111927","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16111927","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/11/1927/pdf?version=1479356492","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4551162637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WU# 69-6594","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337628","funder_display_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337628","display_name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2555583207.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2555583207.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506767743","https://openalex.org/W1901097258","https://openalex.org/W1973698394","https://openalex.org/W1986381291","https://openalex.org/W2001318726","https://openalex.org/W2019675283","https://openalex.org/W2029047301","https://openalex.org/W2067546129","https://openalex.org/W2127485060","https://openalex.org/W2137892569","https://openalex.org/W2146528804","https://openalex.org/W2165666686","https://openalex.org/W2173755786","https://openalex.org/W2193500951","https://openalex.org/W2220779189","https://openalex.org/W2230546983","https://openalex.org/W2255291455","https://openalex.org/W2290705754","https://openalex.org/W2295325824","https://openalex.org/W2319874642","https://openalex.org/W2418906824","https://openalex.org/W2511968885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2486460843","https://openalex.org/W2168109476","https://openalex.org/W1968121071","https://openalex.org/W2020254986","https://openalex.org/W2686985752","https://openalex.org/W1992540108","https://openalex.org/W2074225891","https://openalex.org/W2760769977","https://openalex.org/W2165229257","https://openalex.org/W2899662943"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Here,":[0],"we":[1],"describe":[2],"our":[3],"efforts":[4],"focused":[5],"on":[6,22,36,142],"development":[7],"of":[8,13,24,39,109,115,150,157],"an":[9,110],"algorithm":[10,62],"for":[11,82,107,124],"identification":[12,38],"detection":[14],"events":[15],"in":[16],"a":[17,113],"real-time":[18],"sensing":[19,31],"application":[20],"relying":[21],"reporting":[23,108],"color":[25,30],"values":[26],"using":[27],"commercially":[28],"available":[29],"chips.":[32],"The":[33,60],"effort":[34],"focuses":[35],"the":[37,69,80,119],"event":[40,111],"occurrence,":[41],"rather":[42],"than":[43],"target":[44],"identification,":[45],"and":[46,57,72,129],"utilizes":[47],"approaches":[48],"suitable":[49],"to":[50,54,137],"onboard":[51],"device":[52,85,143],"incorporation":[53],"facilitate":[55],"portable":[56],"autonomous":[58],"use.":[59],"described":[61],"first":[63],"excludes":[64],"electronic":[65],"noise":[66],"generated":[67],"by":[68],"sensor":[70],"system":[71],"determines":[73],"response":[74],"thresholds.":[75],"This":[76],"automatic":[77],"adjustment":[78],"provides":[79],"potential":[81],"use":[83,125],"with":[84,112,126,155],"variations":[86],"as":[87,89,98,100],"well":[88,99],"accommodating":[90],"differing":[91],"indicator":[92,102],"behaviors.":[93],"Multiple":[94],"signal":[95],"channels":[96],"(RGB)":[97],"multiple":[101],"array":[103],"elements":[104],"are":[105],"combined":[106],"minimum":[114],"false":[116],"responses.":[117],"While":[118],"method":[120],"reported":[121],"was":[122],"developed":[123],"paper-supported":[127],"porphyrin":[128],"metalloporphyrin":[130],"indicators,":[131],"it":[132],"should":[133],"be":[134,153],"equally":[135],"applicable":[136],"other":[138],"colorimetric":[139],"indicators.":[140],"Depending":[141],"configurations,":[144],"receiver":[145],"operating":[146],"characteristic":[147],"(ROC)":[148],"sensitivities":[149],"1":[151],"could":[152],"obtained":[154],"specificities":[156],"0.87":[158],"(threshold":[159],"160":[160],"ppb,":[161],"ethanol).":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}