{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2537677374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","title":"GNSS Spoofing Network Monitoring Based on Differential Pseudorange","display_name":"GNSS Spoofing Network Monitoring Based on Differential Pseudorange","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2537677374","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","mag":"2537677374","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16101771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1771/pdf?version=1477374596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1771/pdf?version=1477374596","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021223742","display_name":"Zhenjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-4084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-4084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055558224","display_name":"Xingqun Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7655-067X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingqun Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055558224"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":32.4751,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99215781,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"10","first_page":"1771","last_page":"1771"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9497175812721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7736612558364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6146253347396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.600257933139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5569950342178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5195186734199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.51601243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.27492719888687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2566536068916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24237510561943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17495432496070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16447186470031738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9497175812721252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7736612558364868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6146253347396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.600257933139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5569950342178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5195186734199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.51601243019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.27492719888687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2566536068916321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24237510561943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17495432496070862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16447186470031738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16101771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1771/pdf?version=1477374596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27782096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27782096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b43f9dc2f53e467d9dd96c94e8aee100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b43f9dc2f53e467d9dd96c94e8aee100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 10, p 1771 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/10/1771/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 10; Pages: 1771","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5087555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5087555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16101771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16101771","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/10/1771/pdf?version=1477374596","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2537677374.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2537677374.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W58144561","https://openalex.org/W141285947","https://openalex.org/W361457847","https://openalex.org/W1556811593","https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1825235900","https://openalex.org/W1831208843","https://openalex.org/W1943499898","https://openalex.org/W1968787321","https://openalex.org/W1979154650","https://openalex.org/W1980494386","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2027155098","https://openalex.org/W2074040836","https://openalex.org/W2121182939","https://openalex.org/W2140699428","https://openalex.org/W2182984782","https://openalex.org/W2186637784","https://openalex.org/W2260014999","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2566510693","https://openalex.org/W2595786907","https://openalex.org/W2980110727","https://openalex.org/W6686611258","https://openalex.org/W6769293770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3216386610","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W4239395258","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3204981892","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spoofing":[0],"is":[1,56,97,102,141,183,215,254],"becoming":[2],"a":[3,63,124,153,193,220],"serious":[4],"threat":[5],"to":[6,31,71,147,185,240,295],"various":[7,244],"Global":[8],"Navigation":[9,292],"Satellite":[10],"System":[11,279],"(GNSS)":[12],"applications,":[13],"especially":[14],"for":[15,187,289],"those":[16,130,159,175],"that":[17,190],"require":[18],"high":[19],"reliability":[20],"and":[21,28,34,84,115,163,197,219,228,281,291],"security":[22],"such":[23,209,246,273],"as":[24,143,247,274],"power":[25],"grid":[26],"synchronization":[27],"applications":[29,245],"related":[30],"first":[32],"responders":[33],"aviation":[35],"safety.":[36],"Most":[37],"current":[38],"works":[39],"on":[40,43,104],"anti-spoofing":[41],"focus":[42],"spoofing":[44,53,65,76,92,114,121,154,164,177,253,263],"detection":[45,227],"from":[46,123,134],"the":[47,73,95,105,144,156,168,188,238,260,275],"individual":[48],"receiver":[49,261],"side,":[50],"which":[51,167,256],"identifies":[52],"when":[54,94,252],"it":[55,89],"under":[57],"an":[58,78,198],"attack.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62],"novel":[64],"network":[66,96],"monitoring":[67,271,299],"(SNM)":[68],"mechanism":[69,101],"aiming":[70],"reveal":[72],"presence":[74],"of":[75,81,109,120,131,160,170,176],"within":[77,192,208],"area.":[79],"Consisting":[80],"several":[82,204],"receivers":[83],"one":[85],"central":[86],"processing":[87],"component,":[88],"keeps":[90],"detecting":[91],"even":[93],"not":[98],"attacked.":[99],"The":[100,139,211,235],"based":[103],"different":[106],"time":[107],"difference":[108],"arrival":[110],"(TDOA)":[111],"properties":[112],"between":[113],"authentic":[116,132,162,171],"signals.":[117],"Normally,":[118],"TDOAs":[119],"signals":[122,133],"common":[125],"spoofer":[126],"are":[127,137,172,178,191,206,233],"identical":[128],"while":[129,174],"diverse":[135],"directions":[136],"dispersed.":[138],"TDOA":[140],"measured":[142],"differential":[145],"pseudorange":[146],"carrier":[148],"frequency":[149],"ratio":[150],"(DPF).":[151],"In":[152],"case,":[155],"DPFs":[157,169,189,205],"include":[158],"both":[161],"signals,":[165],"among":[166],"dispersed":[173],"almost":[179],"overlapped.":[180],"An":[181],"algorithm":[182],"proposed":[184,212],"search":[186],"pre-defined":[194],"small":[195],"range,":[196],"alarm":[199,231],"will":[200],"be":[201,241],"raised":[202],"if":[203],"found":[207],"range.":[210],"SNM":[213,236],"methodology":[214],"validated":[216],"by":[217],"simulations":[218],"partial":[221],"field":[222],"trial.":[223],"Results":[224],"show":[225],"99.99%":[226],"0.01%":[229],"false":[230],"probabilities":[232],"achieved.":[234],"has":[237],"potential":[239],"adopted":[242],"in":[243,266],"(1)":[248],"alerting":[249],"dedicated":[250],"users":[251],"occurring,":[255],"could":[257],"significantly":[258],"shorten":[259],"side":[262],"cost;":[264],"(2)":[265],"combination":[267],"with":[268],"GNSS":[269,282],"performance":[270],"systems,":[272],"Continuous":[276],"Operating":[277],"Reference":[278],"(CORS)":[280],"Availability,":[283],"Accuracy,":[284],"Reliability":[285],"anD":[286],"Integrity":[287],"Assessment":[288],"Timing":[290],"(GAARDIAN)":[293],"System,":[294],"provide":[296],"more":[297],"reliable":[298],"services.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}