{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2501359160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","title":"Real-Time Identification of Smoldering and Flaming Combustion Phases in Forest Using a Wireless Sensor Network-Based Multi-Sensor System and Artificial Neural Network","display_name":"Real-Time Identification of Smoldering and Flaming Combustion Phases in Forest Using a Wireless Sensor Network-Based Multi-Sensor System and Artificial Neural Network","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2501359160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","mag":"2501359160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27527175"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16081228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1228/pdf?version=1470300627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1228/pdf?version=1470300627","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010942053","display_name":"Xiaofei Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-7206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025639588","display_name":"Hong Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2139-9108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108160477","display_name":"Hebei Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/009fw8j44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108160477"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030032799","display_name":"Yandong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0269-2034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yandong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080290569","display_name":"Wenhua Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4733-8610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhua Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047072935","display_name":"Huan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7256-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102868130","display_name":"Xiaoliang Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8375-1496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoliang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030032799"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0529,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92813128,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1228","last_page":"1228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7308226227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.68891841173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5591523051261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combustion","display_name":"Combustion","score":0.5458224415779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5122841596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.483376681804657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3782101273536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3666526675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19909989833831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.14819306135177612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7308226227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.68891841173172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5591523051261902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.5458224415779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5122841596603394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.483376681804657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3782101273536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3666526675224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19909989833831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.14819306135177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16081228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1228/pdf?version=1470300627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27527175","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27527175","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:84bd430301d94d329fe69dbc75a779ee","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/84bd430301d94d329fe69dbc75a779ee","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 1228 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/8/1228/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 8; Pages: 1228","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5017393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5017393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16081228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081228","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/8/1228/pdf?version=1470300627","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5844907901","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"31500588","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7374290610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015ZCQ-GX-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8840915553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2015ZCQ-GX-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8981817922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015ZCQ-GX-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2501359160.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2501359160.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119507845","https://openalex.org/W1971256340","https://openalex.org/W1982324772","https://openalex.org/W1984282654","https://openalex.org/W1987529968","https://openalex.org/W1999735790","https://openalex.org/W2015627422","https://openalex.org/W2038447159","https://openalex.org/W2039182327","https://openalex.org/W2056569705","https://openalex.org/W2063131397","https://openalex.org/W2073371483","https://openalex.org/W2080754158","https://openalex.org/W2084555690","https://openalex.org/W2105431487","https://openalex.org/W2112476334","https://openalex.org/W2113129212","https://openalex.org/W2144304061","https://openalex.org/W2150287052","https://openalex.org/W2158126211","https://openalex.org/W2163845986","https://openalex.org/W2168452204","https://openalex.org/W2170239483","https://openalex.org/W2336670464","https://openalex.org/W2345254164","https://openalex.org/W2354357574","https://openalex.org/W2371416792","https://openalex.org/W2755906045","https://openalex.org/W2902173858","https://openalex.org/W4255412536","https://openalex.org/W6604854828","https://openalex.org/W6650186881","https://openalex.org/W6664108657","https://openalex.org/W6675809135","https://openalex.org/W6755955717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132434866","https://openalex.org/W1975451135","https://openalex.org/W3148968234","https://openalex.org/W2890570089","https://openalex.org/W4390022329","https://openalex.org/W2989915292","https://openalex.org/W2295628284","https://openalex.org/W4377142493","https://openalex.org/W2039286551","https://openalex.org/W4381999653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diverse":[0],"sensing":[1],"techniques":[2],"have":[3,98],"been":[4],"developed":[5,39],"and":[6,24,46,57,87,113,132,142,145,149,185],"combined":[7],"with":[8,134,178],"machine":[9],"learning":[10],"method":[11],"for":[12],"forest":[13,77,103,198],"fire":[14,182],"detection,":[15],"but":[16],"none":[17],"of":[18,65,76,81,108,136,188],"them":[19],"referred":[20],"to":[21,31,78,101,174],"identifying":[22],"smoldering":[23],"flaming":[25],"combustion":[26,35,89],"phases.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29],"attempts":[30],"real-time":[32],"identify":[33],"different":[34],"phases":[36],"using":[37,71],"a":[38,179],"wireless":[40],"sensor":[41,138],"network":[42,49],"(WSN)-based":[43],"multi-sensor":[44,157],"system":[45,190],"artificial":[47,102],"neural":[48],"(ANN).":[50],"Sensors":[51],"(CO,":[52],"CO\u2082,":[53],"smoke,":[54,111,147],"air":[55],"temperature":[56,114],"relative":[58],"humidity)":[59],"were":[60,116],"integrated":[61],"into":[62],"one":[63],"node":[64,83],"WSN.":[66],"An":[67],"experiment":[68],"was":[69,130],"conducted":[70],"burning":[72],"materials":[73],"from":[74],"residual":[75],"test":[79,153],"responses":[80,100],"each":[82],"under":[84,196],"no,":[85],"smoldering-dominated":[86],"flaming-dominated":[88],"conditions.":[90],"The":[91,151],"results":[92,154],"showed":[93,155],"that":[94,156],"the":[95,109,176,189],"five":[96],"sensors":[97,115],"reasonable":[99],"fire.":[104],"To":[105],"reduce":[106,175],"cost":[107,177],"nodes,":[110],"CO\u2082":[112,148],"chiefly":[117],"selected":[118],"through":[119],"correlation":[120],"analysis.":[121],"For":[122],"achieving":[123],"higher":[124,160],"identification":[125,183],"rate,":[126],"an":[127],"ANN":[128],"model":[129,152],"built":[131],"trained":[133],"inputs":[135],"four":[137],"groups:":[139],"smoke;":[140],"smoke":[141,144],"CO\u2082;":[143],"temperature;":[146],"temperature.":[150],"input":[158,166],"yielded":[159],"predicting":[161],"accuracy":[162],"(\u226582.5%)":[163],"than":[164],"single-sensor":[165],"(50.9%-92.5%).":[167],"Based":[168],"on":[169],"these,":[170],"it":[171],"is":[172],"possible":[173],"relatively":[180],"high":[181],"rate":[184],"potential":[186],"application":[187],"can":[191],"be":[192],"tested":[193],"in":[194],"future":[195],"real":[197],"condition.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
