{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2396073525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","title":"Compact SPAD-Based Pixel Architectures for Time-Resolved Image Sensors","display_name":"Compact SPAD-Based Pixel Architectures for Time-Resolved Image Sensors","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2396073525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","mag":"2396073525","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27223284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16050745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/745/pdf?version=1463986382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/745/pdf?version=1463986382","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088173332","display_name":"Matteo Perenzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8777-1593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Perenzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010169715","display_name":"Lucio Pancheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3954-7308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","display_name":"University of Trento","ror":"https://ror.org/05trd4x28","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Pancheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111557995","display_name":"David Stoppa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stoppa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38123, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088173332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":18.4513,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98733549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"5","first_page":"745","last_page":"745"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7556188106536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5472478866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5162277221679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4882214367389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4567926228046417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41670069098472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3912423849105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35283219814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24874067306518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12157133221626282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7556188106536865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5472478866577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5162277221679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4882214367389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4567926228046417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41670069098472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3912423849105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35283219814300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24874067306518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12157133221626282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16050745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/745/pdf?version=1463986382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27223284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27223284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:10836a3a6e5c4f68a0708e27ca3da7dd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/10836a3a6e5c4f68a0708e27ca3da7dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 5, p 745 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3848401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4883436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/158220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11572/158220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196320","display_name":"Iris (University of Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/5/745/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 5; Pages: 745","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16050745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050745","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/745/pdf?version=1463986382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2396073525.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2396073525.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532980549","https://openalex.org/W1967756201","https://openalex.org/W1980867351","https://openalex.org/W1986309954","https://openalex.org/W1989917143","https://openalex.org/W2004346967","https://openalex.org/W2004482449","https://openalex.org/W2019230763","https://openalex.org/W2019832356","https://openalex.org/W2022438148","https://openalex.org/W2038825406","https://openalex.org/W2040138098","https://openalex.org/W2041131607","https://openalex.org/W2053423586","https://openalex.org/W2054873125","https://openalex.org/W2065064845","https://openalex.org/W2073192879","https://openalex.org/W2086722602","https://openalex.org/W2101742655","https://openalex.org/W2103136123","https://openalex.org/W2107641824","https://openalex.org/W2112357382","https://openalex.org/W2129995310","https://openalex.org/W2135448171","https://openalex.org/W2138507253","https://openalex.org/W2141493752","https://openalex.org/W2149072251","https://openalex.org/W2155631601","https://openalex.org/W2158232992","https://openalex.org/W2161478116","https://openalex.org/W2196753883","https://openalex.org/W2199079374","https://openalex.org/W2200991964","https://openalex.org/W2218437761","https://openalex.org/W2219356025","https://openalex.org/W2242595998","https://openalex.org/W2289798715","https://openalex.org/W2290854562","https://openalex.org/W2291767748","https://openalex.org/W2397908591","https://openalex.org/W2491458126","https://openalex.org/W2495080454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W2944239605","https://openalex.org/W1873415836","https://openalex.org/W4200290804","https://openalex.org/W2139783875","https://openalex.org/W4312469487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,22],"reviews":[2],"the":[3,6,21,44,57,70,80,84,115],"state":[4],"of":[5,8,20,47,56,72,79,111,117],"art":[7],"single-photon":[9,129],"avalanche":[10],"diode":[11],"(SPAD)":[12],"image":[13,52],"sensors":[14],"for":[15,43,100],"time-resolved":[16],"imaging.":[17],"The":[18,87,108],"focus":[19],"is":[23,67,83],"on":[24],"pixel":[25,29,75],"architectures":[26],"featuring":[27],"small":[28],"size":[30],"(<25":[31],"\u03bcm)":[32],"and":[33,64,96,102,121,140],"high":[34,48],"fill":[35],"factor":[36],"(>20%)":[37],"as":[38],"a":[39],"key":[40,81],"enabling":[41],"technology":[42],"successful":[45],"implementation":[46],"spatial":[49,85],"resolution":[50],"SPAD-based":[51],"sensors.":[53],"A":[54],"summary":[55],"main":[58,88,109],"CMOS":[59],"SPAD":[60],"implementations,":[61],"their":[62],"characteristics":[63],"integration":[65],"challenges,":[66],"provided":[68],"from":[69],"perspective":[71],"targeting":[73],"large":[74],"arrays,":[76],"where":[77],"one":[78],"drivers":[82],"uniformity.":[86],"analog":[89,118],"techniques":[90,120],"aimed":[91],"at":[92],"time-gated":[93],"photon":[94,97],"counting":[95,119],"timestamping":[98,141],"suitable":[99],"compact":[101],"low-power":[103],"pixels":[104],"are":[105,114,146],"critically":[106],"discussed.":[107],"features":[110],"these":[112],"solutions":[113],"adoption":[116],"time-to-analog":[122],"conversion,":[123,133],"in":[124],"NMOS-only":[125],"pixels.":[126],"Reliable":[127],"quantum-limited":[128],"counting,":[130],"self-referenced":[131],"analog-to-digital":[132],"time":[134],"gating":[135],"down":[136],"to":[137],"0.75":[138],"ns":[139],"with":[142],"368":[143],"ps":[144],"jitter":[145],"achieved.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}