{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2340646819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040576","title":"Measuring Electrolyte Impedance and Noise Simultaneously by Triangular Waveform Voltage and Principal Component Analysis","display_name":"Measuring Electrolyte Impedance and Noise Simultaneously by Triangular Waveform Voltage and Principal Component Analysis","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2340646819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040576","mag":"2340646819","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27110787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/576/pdf?version=1461309088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/576/pdf?version=1461309088","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100978951","display_name":"Shanzhi Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanzhi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396043","display_name":"Peng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5578-3626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101526463","display_name":"Yonggui Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-674X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggui Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100396043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.9576,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69721254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"576","last_page":"576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.666897714138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.6302027702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.6074880957603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duty-cycle","display_name":"Duty cycle","score":0.5959670543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4874753952026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.41640540957450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41463702917099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24848896265029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2447783350944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19192320108413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14928874373435974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.666897714138031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6302027702331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.6074880957603455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199822604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557120","display_name":"Duty cycle","level":3,"score":0.5959670543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4874753952026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.41640540957450867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41463702917099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24848896265029907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2447783350944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19192320108413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14928874373435974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/576/pdf?version=1461309088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27110787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27110787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4851090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4851090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6de6e2c221a54a1a841c93c62bc209b0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6de6e2c221a54a1a841c93c62bc209b0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 576 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040576","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/576/pdf?version=1461309088","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G941038590","display_name":"\u7535\u78c1\u8026\u5408\u8c10\u632f\u589e\u5f3a\u4f20\u611f\u673a\u7406\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61271129","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322392","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2340646819.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2340646819.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1880168343","https://openalex.org/W1971942656","https://openalex.org/W1976346742","https://openalex.org/W1992932230","https://openalex.org/W1993510035","https://openalex.org/W1997210107","https://openalex.org/W1998661837","https://openalex.org/W2002152178","https://openalex.org/W2008950519","https://openalex.org/W2031805475","https://openalex.org/W2032252342","https://openalex.org/W2037865481","https://openalex.org/W2038072080","https://openalex.org/W2046625218","https://openalex.org/W2050564808","https://openalex.org/W2055493538","https://openalex.org/W2072650426","https://openalex.org/W2078043422","https://openalex.org/W2081435823","https://openalex.org/W2083896641","https://openalex.org/W2093015458","https://openalex.org/W2093262630","https://openalex.org/W2119961192","https://openalex.org/W2127239848","https://openalex.org/W2163776889","https://openalex.org/W3170961034","https://openalex.org/W4297709905"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2886586752","https://openalex.org/W2128340898","https://openalex.org/W3111172706","https://openalex.org/W2652100805","https://openalex.org/W4313678637","https://openalex.org/W2060783181","https://openalex.org/W2954046924","https://openalex.org/W2115378283","https://openalex.org/W3131410704","https://openalex.org/W2242290487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,43,182],"measure":[3],"the":[4,31,34,55,67,76,80,89,99,107,123,130,137,147,156,162,169,173,184,188],"impedance":[5,72,96,109,117,158],"variation":[6,97,125,150,159],"process":[7,164],"in":[8,75,88,129],"electrolyte":[9,191],"solutions,":[10],"a":[11,45],"method":[12,103],"of":[13,70,95,106,127,165,172,187],"triangular":[14,27],"waveform":[15,28],"voltage":[16,29],"excitation":[17,32],"is":[18,41,51,73,86],"investigated":[19],"together":[20],"with":[21],"principal":[22],"component":[23],"analysis":[24],"(PCA).":[25],"Using":[26],"as":[30],"signal,":[33],"response":[35,81],"current":[36,82],"during":[37,115,175],"one":[38,176],"duty":[39,177],"cycle":[40,178],"sampled":[42],"construct":[44],"measurement":[46,49,56,93],"vector.":[47],"The":[48,92,111],"matrix":[50],"then":[52],"constructed":[53],"by":[54,65,98],"vectors":[57,78],"obtained":[58],"from":[59],"different":[60],"measurements.":[61],"After":[62],"being":[63],"processed":[64],"PCA,":[66],"changing":[68,163],"information":[69,85,126],"solution":[71,166],"contained":[74,87],"loading":[77],"while":[79],"and":[83,122,168,190],"noise":[84,128,174],"score":[90],"vectors.":[91],"results":[94,153],"proposed":[100],"signal":[101],"processing":[102],"are":[104,119,142],"independent":[105],"equivalent":[108,116],"model.":[110],"noise-induced":[112],"problems":[113],"encountered":[114],"calculation":[118],"therefore":[120],"avoided,":[121],"real-time":[124],"electrode-electrolyte":[131],"interface":[132],"can":[133,179],"be":[134,180],"extracted":[135],"at":[136],"same":[138],"time.":[139],"Planar-interdigitated":[140],"electrodes":[141],"experimentally":[143],"tested":[144],"for":[145],"monitoring":[146],"KCl":[148],"concentration":[149],"process.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"indicate":[154],"that":[155],"measured":[157],"curve":[160],"reflects":[161],"conductivity,":[167],"amplitude":[170],"distribution":[171],"utilized":[181],"analyze":[183],"contact":[185],"conditions":[186],"electrode":[189],"interface.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}