{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2315813575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","title":"Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays Integrated to All-Digital CMOS Circuits","display_name":"Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode Arrays Integrated to All-Digital CMOS Circuits","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2315813575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","mag":"2315813575","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/495/pdf?version=1460099423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/495/pdf?version=1460099423","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062919945","display_name":"Brian F. Aull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8392-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122954","display_name":"MIT Lincoln Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/022z6jk58","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian Aull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA 02420, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062919945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122954","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":19.9787,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98905224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"495","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avalanche-photodiode","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","score":0.8359628915786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geiger-counter","display_name":"Geiger counter","score":0.7303602695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.665468692779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-photon-avalanche-diode","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","score":0.5481364130973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5368931889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.5198229551315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5023627281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.5023109912872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.4779224991798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodetector","display_name":"Photodetector","score":0.4620278477668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.4395427107810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-photomultiplier","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","score":0.4178030788898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.4170549213886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.37798139452934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3225380778312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.29184556007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27744603157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scintillator","display_name":"Scintillator","score":0.08005547523498535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109679912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175932","display_name":"Avalanche photodiode","level":3,"score":0.8359628915786743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88033656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48171","display_name":"Geiger counter","level":2,"score":0.7303602695465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.665468692779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193361668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7523761","display_name":"Single-photon avalanche diode","level":4,"score":0.5481364130973816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5368931889533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.5198229551315308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5023627281188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.5023109912872314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.4779224991798401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23125352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210765","display_name":"Photodetector","level":2,"score":0.4620278477668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4395427107810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104335537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085747","display_name":"Silicon photomultiplier","level":4,"score":0.4178030788898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.4170549213886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.37798139452934265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3225380778312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29184556007385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27744603157043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161694136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910990","display_name":"Scintillator","level":3,"score":0.08005547523498535}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/495/pdf?version=1460099423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27070609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5a1798067f7c4f1f92060b6ad31b7405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5a1798067f7c4f1f92060b6ad31b7405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 495 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/119358","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119358","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/4/495/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 4; Pages: 495","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4851009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4851009","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16040495","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040495","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/4/495/pdf?version=1460099423","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2315813575.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2315813575.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16778202","https://openalex.org/W1610783540","https://openalex.org/W1975496472","https://openalex.org/W1988535226","https://openalex.org/W2003445675","https://openalex.org/W2024862261","https://openalex.org/W2032059631","https://openalex.org/W2040322041","https://openalex.org/W2041251400","https://openalex.org/W2045143015","https://openalex.org/W2072436365","https://openalex.org/W2074230852","https://openalex.org/W2075416860","https://openalex.org/W2116358629","https://openalex.org/W2124267957","https://openalex.org/W2128720428","https://openalex.org/W2200991964","https://openalex.org/W2253778276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989987871","https://openalex.org/W2122460126","https://openalex.org/W2010143962","https://openalex.org/W1550488200","https://openalex.org/W2021007090","https://openalex.org/W1522581945","https://openalex.org/W2035885782","https://openalex.org/W2317801534","https://openalex.org/W1979221943","https://openalex.org/W4321520226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"reviews":[2],"MIT":[3],"Lincoln":[4],"Laboratory's":[5],"work":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8],"past":[9],"20":[10],"years":[11],"to":[12,29],"develop":[13],"photon-sensitive":[14],"image":[15],"sensors":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18],"arrays":[19],"of":[20,26],"silicon":[21],"Geiger-mode":[22],"avalanche":[23],"photodiodes.":[24],"Integration":[25],"these":[27],"detectors":[28],"all-digital":[30],"CMOS":[31],"readout":[32],"circuits":[33],"enable":[34],"exquisitely":[35],"sensitive":[36],"solid-state":[37],"imagers":[38],"for":[39],"lidar,":[40],"wavefront":[41],"sensing,":[42],"and":[43],"passive":[44],"imaging.":[45]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}