{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2266867913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","title":"Closed-Loop Control of Chemical Injection Rate for a Direct Nozzle Injection System","display_name":"Closed-Loop Control of Chemical Injection Rate for a Direct Nozzle Injection System","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2266867913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","mag":"2266867913","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26805833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/127/pdf?version=1453281745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/127/pdf?version=1453281745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103487663","display_name":"Xiang Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1985-462X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051618546","display_name":"Martin Walgenbach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Walgenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014958079","display_name":"Malte Doerpmond","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malte Doerpmond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068766856","display_name":"Peter Schulze Lammers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Schulze Lammers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053938412","display_name":"Yurui Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yurui Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information & Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information & Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103487663"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89556636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"127","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14083","display_name":"Extremum Seeking Control Systems","score":0.9847999811172485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12093","display_name":"Greenhouse Technology and Climate Control","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.7968393564224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7495649456977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle","display_name":"Nozzle","score":0.6544585227966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-flow-rate","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","score":0.6043868064880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solenoid-valve","display_name":"Solenoid valve","score":0.5903629660606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solenoid","display_name":"Solenoid","score":0.5583152174949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.46500644087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4450075328350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-process","display_name":"Chemical process","score":0.4294924736022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35680705308914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.3058844208717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.26667720079421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.20956918597221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.2037765383720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12795120477676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.119047611951828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.10722357034683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-engineering","display_name":"Chemical engineering","score":0.10474607348442078}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.7968393564224243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7495649456977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.6544585227966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.6043868064880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777112803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430621","display_name":"Solenoid valve","level":2,"score":0.5903629660606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192144188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245739","display_name":"Solenoid","level":2,"score":0.5583152174949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.46500644087791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4450075328350067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124223222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281940","display_name":"Chemical process","level":2,"score":0.4294924736022949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35680705308914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.3058844208717346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.26667720079421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.20956918597221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2037765383720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12795120477676392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.119047611951828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.10722357034683228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10474607348442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004738","descriptor_name":"Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010575","descriptor_name":"Pesticides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010575","descriptor_name":"Pesticides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010575","descriptor_name":"Pesticides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013816","descriptor_name":"Thermodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013816","descriptor_name":"Thermodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013816","descriptor_name":"Thermodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014783","descriptor_name":"Viscosity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016573","descriptor_name":"Agrochemicals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016573","descriptor_name":"Agrochemicals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016573","descriptor_name":"Agrochemicals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/127/pdf?version=1453281745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26805833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26805833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:45fff0e53b074303b53386ec4d54f08c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/45fff0e53b074303b53386ec4d54f08c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 127 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/1/127/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 1; Pages: 127","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4732160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4732160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010127","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/127/pdf?version=1453281745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2266867913.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1439024482","https://openalex.org/W1964969240","https://openalex.org/W1982971817","https://openalex.org/W1983160941","https://openalex.org/W2039477126","https://openalex.org/W2041768418","https://openalex.org/W2049778228","https://openalex.org/W2078466984","https://openalex.org/W2090619557","https://openalex.org/W2095699113","https://openalex.org/W2401509736","https://openalex.org/W2498085456","https://openalex.org/W6660211257"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349796015","https://openalex.org/W2325408330","https://openalex.org/W2513270878","https://openalex.org/W2348201648","https://openalex.org/W2121878071","https://openalex.org/W2260982462","https://openalex.org/W2148774553","https://openalex.org/W4312848518","https://openalex.org/W2362059476","https://openalex.org/W2365280303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"realize":[1],"site-specific":[2],"and":[3,11,87,100,132,178],"variable-rate":[4],"application":[5],"of":[6,24,117,130,142],"agricultural":[7],"pesticides,":[8],"accurately":[9],"metering":[10,86],"controlling":[12],"the":[13,68,89,104,128,138,143,165,179,186],"chemical":[14,33,69,90,97,118,167],"injection":[15,28,70,91],"rate":[16,71,169],"is":[17],"necessary.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20],"presents":[21],"a":[22,25,43,55,76,107,111,145],"prototype":[23],"direct":[26],"nozzle":[27],"system":[29],"(DNIS)":[30],"by":[31,54],"which":[32],"concentration":[34],"transport":[35],"lag":[36],"was":[37,48,83,115,120,182],"greatly":[38],"reduced.":[39],"In":[40,93],"this":[41],"system,":[42],"rapid-reacting":[44],"solenoid":[45],"valve":[46],"(RRV)":[47],"utilized":[49],"for":[50,85],"injecting":[51],"chemicals,":[52],"driven":[53],"pulse-width":[56],"modulation":[57],"(PWM)":[58],"signal":[59],"at":[60],"100":[61],"Hz,":[62],"so":[63],"with":[64,155],"varying":[65],"pulse":[66],"width":[67],"could":[72,170],"be":[73,171],"adjusted.":[74],"Meanwhile,":[75],"closed-loop":[77],"control":[78,134,148,158,189],"strategy,":[79],"proportional-integral-derivative":[80],"(PID)":[81],"method,":[82],"applied":[84],"stabilizing":[88],"rate.":[92],"order":[94],"to":[95,126,137,185],"measure":[96],"flow":[98,168],"rates":[99],"input":[101],"them":[102],"into":[103],"controller":[105],"as":[106,153],"feedback":[108],"in":[109],"real-time,":[110],"thermodynamic":[112],"flowmeter":[113],"that":[114,164],"independent":[116],"viscosity":[119],"used.":[121],"Laboratory":[122],"tests":[123],"were":[124],"conducted":[125],"assess":[127],"performance":[129],"DNIS":[131],"PID":[133,147,157],"strategy.":[135,159,190],"Due":[136],"nonlinear":[139],"input-output":[140],"characteristics":[141],"RRV,":[144],"two-phase":[146],"process":[149],"obtained":[150],"better":[151],"effects":[152],"compared":[154,184],"single":[156],"Test":[160],"results":[161],"also":[162],"indicated":[163],"set-point":[166],"achieved":[172],"within":[173],"less":[174],"than":[175],"4":[176],"s,":[177],"output":[180],"stability":[181],"improved":[183],"case":[187],"without":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}