{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2280017167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","title":"Defence against Black Hole and Selective Forwarding Attacks for Medical WSNs in the IoT","display_name":"Defence against Black Hole and Selective Forwarding Attacks for Medical WSNs in the IoT","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2280017167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","mag":"2280017167","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/118/pdf?version=1453200293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/118/pdf?version=1453200293","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035620231","display_name":"Avijit Mathur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-7000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Avijit Mathur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-7000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114375927","display_name":"Thomas Newe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-8200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Newe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-8200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083277375","display_name":"Muzaffar Rao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3271-043X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","display_name":"University of Limerick","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0n9e72","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muzaffar Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Communication, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035620231"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":8.859,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97921299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"118","last_page":"118"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7433062791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7288987040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6867843866348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6576359272003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5440182089805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.515501081943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.4501200318336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3618761897087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09551700949668884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7433062791824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7288987040519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6867843866348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6576359272003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5440182089805603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.515501081943512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4501200318336487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3618761897087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09551700949668884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/118/pdf?version=1453200293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26797620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5470a44d3bd64d908dd3c091e09ab946","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5470a44d3bd64d908dd3c091e09ab946","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 118 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/16/1/118/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 16; Issue 1; Pages: 118","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4732151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4732151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ulir.ul.ie:10344/5023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10344/5023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401530","display_name":"University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I230495080","host_organization_name":"University of Limerick","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230495080"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010118","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010118","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/118/pdf?version=1453200293","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4459685745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"14/SP/2740","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5098725405","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12/RC/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5123993155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12/RC/2302 and 14/SP/2740","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7996667949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12/RC/2302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8567218654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IRC-GOIPG/2013/1132","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","funder_display_name":"Irish Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","display_name":"Irish Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/051xex213"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2280017167.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2280017167.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W945930","https://openalex.org/W111780472","https://openalex.org/W1496710472","https://openalex.org/W1540748524","https://openalex.org/W1565942444","https://openalex.org/W1903093316","https://openalex.org/W1996763849","https://openalex.org/W1997711994","https://openalex.org/W2004219663","https://openalex.org/W2031636704","https://openalex.org/W2047851909","https://openalex.org/W2050195016","https://openalex.org/W2057471756","https://openalex.org/W2063206642","https://openalex.org/W2088588705","https://openalex.org/W2095432425","https://openalex.org/W2100330287","https://openalex.org/W2103441346","https://openalex.org/W2105625664","https://openalex.org/W2110485207","https://openalex.org/W2117980128","https://openalex.org/W2125997818","https://openalex.org/W2127928514","https://openalex.org/W2139842951","https://openalex.org/W2140545051","https://openalex.org/W2161236823","https://openalex.org/W2185723928","https://openalex.org/W2341031338","https://openalex.org/W2485242371","https://openalex.org/W2490430845","https://openalex.org/W2498209126","https://openalex.org/W2539615548","https://openalex.org/W3142506767","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6666307942","https://openalex.org/W6681009217","https://openalex.org/W6686612310","https://openalex.org/W6704493683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550","https://openalex.org/W97075385","https://openalex.org/W4376136918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"sensor":[1],"networks":[2],"(WSNs)":[3],"are":[4],"being":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,62,72,86,111,136],"facilitate":[8],"monitoring":[9],"of":[10,20,23,66,80,95,121,129,148],"patients":[11],"in":[12,52],"hospital":[13],"and":[14,26,33,47,69,92,104,133,138,158],"home":[15],"environments.":[16],"These":[17],"systems":[18],"consist":[19],"a":[21,96,130,150],"variety":[22],"different":[24],"components/sensors":[25],"many":[27],"processes":[28],"like":[29],"clustering,":[30],"routing,":[31],"security,":[32],"self-organization.":[34],"Routing":[35],"is":[36,146],"necessary":[37],"for":[38],"medical-based":[39],"WSNs":[40],"because":[41],"it":[42,48],"allows":[43],"remote":[44],"data":[45],"delivery":[46],"facilitates":[49],"network":[50],"scalability":[51],"large":[53],"hospitals.":[54],"However,":[55],"routing":[56,88],"entails":[57],"several":[58],"problems,":[59],"mainly":[60],"due":[61,85],"the":[63,81,90,112,119,125,161],"open":[64],"nature":[65],"wireless":[67,87],"networks,":[68],"these":[70],"need":[71],"be":[73,116],"addressed.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"looks":[77],"at":[78],"two":[79],"problems":[82],"that":[83],"arise":[84],"between":[89],"nodes":[91],"access":[93],"points":[94],"medical":[97],"WSN":[98],"(for":[99],"IoT":[100],"use):":[101],"black":[102],"hole":[103],"selective":[105,151],"forwarding":[106,152],"(SF)":[107],"attacks.":[108,141],"A":[109],"solution":[110],"former":[113],"can":[114],"readily":[115],"provided":[117],"through":[118],"use":[120,128],"cryptographic":[122],"hashes,":[123],"while":[124],"latter":[126],"makes":[127],"neighbourhood":[131],"watch":[132],"threshold-based":[134],"analysis":[135],"detect":[137],"correct":[139],"SF":[140],"The":[142],"scheme":[143],"proposed":[144],"here":[145],"capable":[147],"detecting":[149],"attack":[153],"with":[154,164],"over":[155],"96%":[156],"accuracy":[157],"successfully":[159],"identifying":[160],"malicious":[162],"node":[163],"83%":[165],"accuracy.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}