{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2266572862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010031","title":"Multi-Stage Feature Selection Based Intelligent Classifier for Classification of Incipient Stage Fire in Building","display_name":"Multi-Stage Feature Selection Based Intelligent Classifier for Classification of Incipient Stage Fire in Building","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2266572862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010031","mag":"2266572862","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/31/pdf?version=1453186863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/31/pdf?version=1453186863","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Allan Andrew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-0006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-0006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ammar Zakaria","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Zakaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shaharil Mad Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaharil Mad Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ali Md Shakaff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Md Shakaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sensor Technology (CEASTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, Arau, Perlis 02600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":1.6384,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82857854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"31","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.6704000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.6704000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.08879999816417694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.03420000150799751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"Electronic nose","score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4198000133037567}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6797000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6726999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6592000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.45590001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151420433","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Humidity","level":2,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780836893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19922674","display_name":"Fire detection","level":2,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3244999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227256","display_name":"Data classification","level":2,"score":0.3192000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/31/pdf?version=1453186863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26797617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1708.08750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08750","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.08750","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4732064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4732064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ad8877882ebf4d229b80f516c70102dd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ad8877882ebf4d229b80f516c70102dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 16, Iss 1, p 31 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s16010031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/1/31/pdf?version=1453186863","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319061","display_name":"Tenaga Nasional Berhad","ror":"https://ror.org/04jjxmt88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322820","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2266572862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2266572862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W987054178","https://openalex.org/W1570937892","https://openalex.org/W1965555084","https://openalex.org/W1996700112","https://openalex.org/W2002924977","https://openalex.org/W2016809318","https://openalex.org/W2028558462","https://openalex.org/W2029376156","https://openalex.org/W2077301210","https://openalex.org/W2099200871","https://openalex.org/W2128135082","https://openalex.org/W2130446802","https://openalex.org/W2141508097","https://openalex.org/W2168299027","https://openalex.org/W2169448210","https://openalex.org/W2206924023","https://openalex.org/W4232998763","https://openalex.org/W4243834784","https://openalex.org/W6602361880"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,54],"study,":[2],"an":[3],"early":[4,49],"fire":[5,42,62],"detection":[6],"algorithm":[7],"has":[8,130,158],"been":[9,131],"proposed":[10,107],"based":[11,128],"on":[12,133],"low":[13],"cost":[14],"array":[15],"sensing":[16],"system,":[17],"utilising":[18],"off-":[19],"the":[20,74,81,95,99,106,141,151,160,177],"shelf":[21],"gas":[22,179],"sensors,":[23],"dust":[24],"particles":[25],"and":[26,32,44,64,112,140,163,171,182],"ambient":[27,169],"sensors":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30],"temperature":[31,170,187],"humidity":[33,172],"sensor.":[34],"The":[35,102,125],"odour":[36,56,96],"or":[37],"\"smellprint\"":[38],"emanated":[39],"from":[40,59,136],"various":[41],"sources":[43,63],"building":[45,67],"construction":[46,68],"materials":[47,69],"at":[48],"stage":[50],"are":[51],"measured.":[52],"For":[53],"purpose,":[55],"profile":[57],"data":[58,84],"five":[60],"common":[61,66],"three":[65],"were":[70,85],"used":[71],"to":[72,89],"develop":[73],"classification":[75,147,161],"model.":[76],"Normalised":[77],"feature":[78,109],"extractions":[79],"of":[80,168],"smell":[82],"print":[83],"performed":[86,155],"before":[87],"subjected":[88],"prediction":[90],"classifier.":[91],"These":[92],"features":[93,104],"represent":[94],"signals":[97],"in":[98],"time":[100],"domain.":[101],"obtained":[103],"undergo":[105],"multi-stage":[108],"selection":[110],"technique":[111],"lastly,":[113],"further":[114],"reduced":[115],"by":[116,156],"Principal":[117],"Component":[118],"Analysis":[119],"(PCA),":[120],"a":[121],"dimension":[122,152],"reduction":[123,153],"technique.":[124],"hybrid":[126],"PCA-PNN":[127],"approach":[129],"applied":[132],"different":[134,178,185],"datasets":[135],"in-house":[137],"developed":[138],"system":[139],"portable":[142],"electronic":[143],"nose":[144],"unit.":[145],"Experimental":[146],"results":[148],"show":[149],"that":[150],"process":[154],"PCA":[157],"improved":[159],"accuracy":[162],"provided":[164],"high":[165],"reliability,":[166],"regardless":[167],"variation,":[173],"baseline":[174],"sensor":[175],"drift,":[176],"concentration":[180],"level":[181],"exposure":[183],"towards":[184],"heating":[186],"range.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}