{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1949403543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","title":"Development of a Conductivity Sensor for Monitoring Groundwater Resources to Optimize Water Management in Smart City Environments","display_name":"Development of a Conductivity Sensor for Monitoring Groundwater Resources to Optimize Water Management in Smart City Environments","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1949403543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","mag":"1949403543","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26343653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150920990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/9/20990/pdf?version=1440577670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/9/20990/pdf?version=1440577670","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036277349","display_name":"Lorena Parra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-8734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorena Parra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021516410","display_name":"Sandra Sendra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-9088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Sendra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061267204","display_name":"Jaime Lloret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0862-0533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaime Lloret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, C/Paranimf, n\u00b0 1, 46730 Grao de Gandia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037218643","display_name":"Ignacio Bosch Reig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3190-3635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ignacio Bosch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino Vera n/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Telecommunications and Multimedia Applications (iTEAM), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino Vera n/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036277349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":11.4493,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98097356,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"9","first_page":"20990","last_page":"21015"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":0.34880000352859497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":0.34880000352859497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.10679999738931656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":0.08060000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.6998980045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer","display_name":"Aquifer","score":0.6624760627746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6439614295959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resources","display_name":"Water resources","score":0.5694224834442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-salinity","display_name":"Soil salinity","score":0.5005884170532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-level","display_name":"Water level","score":0.4314405620098114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3972250819206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2078705132007599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.20275023579597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14246255159378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.10742074251174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.0797448456287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07043379545211792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6998980045318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.6624760627746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6439614295959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.5694224834442139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141650431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754836","display_name":"Soil salinity","level":3,"score":0.5005884170532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1284942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929501","display_name":"Water level","level":2,"score":0.4314405620098114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3972250819206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2078705132007599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.20275023579597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14246255159378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.10742074251174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0797448456287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07043379545211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150920990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/9/20990/pdf?version=1440577670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26343653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26343653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63f219134e8e4c638dae57c98bb6995a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63f219134e8e4c638dae57c98bb6995a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 15, Iss 9, Pp 20990-21015 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3589185","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4610579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/15/9/20990/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/63707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/63707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150920990","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150920990","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/9/20990/pdf?version=1440577670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1949403543.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1949403543.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489022753","https://openalex.org/W1660428504","https://openalex.org/W1969904133","https://openalex.org/W1970598080","https://openalex.org/W1973606940","https://openalex.org/W1975810657","https://openalex.org/W1983903077","https://openalex.org/W1985411257","https://openalex.org/W1987304626","https://openalex.org/W1989813688","https://openalex.org/W1994321829","https://openalex.org/W2000804026","https://openalex.org/W2005487026","https://openalex.org/W2012325106","https://openalex.org/W2029304570","https://openalex.org/W2029312287","https://openalex.org/W2034889163","https://openalex.org/W2040090513","https://openalex.org/W2040995666","https://openalex.org/W2043307538","https://openalex.org/W2046764288","https://openalex.org/W2050312722","https://openalex.org/W2051861846","https://openalex.org/W2056493731","https://openalex.org/W2059019619","https://openalex.org/W2059997553","https://openalex.org/W2064159171","https://openalex.org/W2065033021","https://openalex.org/W2068929143","https://openalex.org/W2073004061","https://openalex.org/W2073665983","https://openalex.org/W2077410954","https://openalex.org/W2079961919","https://openalex.org/W2086407576","https://openalex.org/W2088401874","https://openalex.org/W2092146837","https://openalex.org/W2092194387","https://openalex.org/W2094648498","https://openalex.org/W2116715461","https://openalex.org/W2118707522","https://openalex.org/W2128727474","https://openalex.org/W2132306885","https://openalex.org/W2133428450","https://openalex.org/W2133533964","https://openalex.org/W2136440528","https://openalex.org/W2137948177","https://openalex.org/W2162896546","https://openalex.org/W2164336389","https://openalex.org/W2484399380","https://openalex.org/W2561361491","https://openalex.org/W2610685690","https://openalex.org/W3129200393","https://openalex.org/W6679157037","https://openalex.org/W6680512890","https://openalex.org/W6730307183","https://openalex.org/W6737250288","https://openalex.org/W6832966302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W985732587","https://openalex.org/W2350422742","https://openalex.org/W2922239277","https://openalex.org/W1608852890","https://openalex.org/W2007103879","https://openalex.org/W3036980091","https://openalex.org/W2034460869","https://openalex.org/W1692466163","https://openalex.org/W1969385569","https://openalex.org/W1785613966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114,133],"main":[1],"aim":[2],"of":[3,12,21,45,71,83,123,138,151,159,192,197,236],"smart":[4],"cities":[5],"is":[6,28,53,92,116,126,136,228,247,259],"to":[7,16,79,88,118,129,148,173,210,224,231,249],"achieve":[8],"the":[9,18,43,62,66,72,80,84,93,120,130,143,149,155,160,190,194,200,233],"sustainable":[10],"use":[11,20,44],"resources.":[13],"In":[14,30,102],"order":[15,172],"make":[17],"correct":[19],"resources,":[22],"an":[23,218],"accurate":[24],"monitoring":[25,38,111],"and":[26,186,256],"management":[27],"needed.":[29],"some":[31],"places,":[32],"like":[33],"underground":[34],"aquifers,":[35],"access":[36],"for":[37,69,110,264],"can":[39,47],"be":[40,48],"difficult,":[41],"therefore":[42],"sensors":[46],"a":[49,57,107,175,260],"good":[50],"solution.":[51],"Groundwater":[52],"very":[54],"important":[55,86],"as":[56,95],"water":[58,67,131,161,237,251],"resource.":[59],"Just":[60],"in":[61,90,154,171],"USA,":[63],"aquifers":[64,75],"represent":[65],"source":[68],"50%":[70],"population.":[73],"However,":[74],"are":[76,184,187],"endangered":[77],"due":[78,147],"contamination.":[81],"One":[82],"most":[85],"parameters":[87],"monitor":[89],"groundwater":[91,100,112,265],"salinity,":[94],"high":[96],"salinity":[97],"levels":[98],"indicate":[99],"salinization.":[101,113,132],"this":[103,240,258],"paper,":[104],"we":[105,242],"present":[106],"specific":[108],"sensor":[109,115,166,177,216],"able":[117],"measure":[119,250],"electric":[121,152],"conductivity":[122,176,215,252],"water,":[124],"which":[125,135,227],"directly":[127],"related":[128],"sensor,":[134],"composed":[137],"two":[139],"copper":[140],"coils,":[141],"measures":[142],"magnetic":[144],"field":[145],"alterations":[146],"presence":[150],"charges":[153],"water.":[156],"Different":[157],"salinities":[158],"generate":[162],"different":[163,212],"alterations.":[164],"Our":[165,214],"has":[167],"undergone":[168],"several":[169,182],"tests":[170],"obtain":[174],"with":[178,189],"enough":[179,230],"accuracy.":[180],"First,":[181],"prototypes":[183],"tested":[185],"compared":[188],"purpose":[191],"choosing":[193],"best":[195,201],"combination":[196],"coils.":[198],"After":[199],"prototype":[202],"was":[203,206],"selected,":[204],"it":[205,246],"calibrated":[207],"using":[208,253],"up":[209],"30":[211],"samples.":[213],"presents":[217],"operational":[219],"range":[220,235],"from":[221],"0.585":[222],"mS/cm":[223],"73.8":[225],"mS/cm,":[226],"wide":[229],"cover":[232],"typical":[234],"salinities.":[238],"With":[239],"work,":[241],"have":[243],"demonstrated":[244],"that":[245,257],"feasible":[248],"solenoid":[254],"coils":[255],"low":[261],"cost":[262],"application":[263],"monitoring.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}