{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2118151907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","title":"Development of a Novel, Low-Cost, Disposable Wooden Pencil Graphite Electrode for Use in the Determination of Antioxidants and Other Biological Compounds","display_name":"Development of a Novel, Low-Cost, Disposable Wooden Pencil Graphite Electrode for Use in the Determination of Antioxidants and Other Biological Compounds","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2118151907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","mag":"2118151907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26263997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18887/pdf?version=1438760761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18887/pdf?version=1438760761","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076194262","display_name":"James K. Kariuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Kariuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. jkariuki@ualberta.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. jkariuki@ualberta.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021795105","display_name":"Emily M. Ervin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Ervin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. eervin@ualberta.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. eervin@ualberta.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071231099","display_name":"Carly Olafson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1192-4717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carly Olafson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. caolafso@ualberta.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose,  AB T4V 2R3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science, Augustana Campus, University of Alberta, 4901-46th Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 2R3, Canada. caolafso@ualberta.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076194262"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94156916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"18887","last_page":"18900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10212","display_name":"Electrochemical sensors and biosensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.7116156816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferricyanide","display_name":"Ferricyanide","score":0.5937967300415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pencil","display_name":"Pencil (optics)","score":0.4869566857814789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glassy-carbon","display_name":"Glassy carbon","score":0.48337477445602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphite","display_name":"Graphite","score":0.466964989900589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallic-acid","display_name":"Gallic acid","score":0.4547128677368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltammetry","display_name":"Voltammetry","score":0.44810783863067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-wave","display_name":"Square wave","score":0.4462795555591583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.44387441873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemistry","display_name":"Electrochemistry","score":0.4357207417488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4194354712963104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.37833908200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-chemistry","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","score":0.3485141396522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclic-voltammetry","display_name":"Cyclic voltammetry","score":0.3123548626899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inorganic-chemistry","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","score":0.2106902003288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.18598034977912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.1570420265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.141615092754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12102559208869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10492658615112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant","display_name":"Antioxidant","score":0.08672496676445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08601149916648865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.7116156816482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777411777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2259447","display_name":"Ferricyanide","level":2,"score":0.5937967300415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134949993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2068617","display_name":"Pencil (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4869566857814789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419818","display_name":"Glassy carbon","level":5,"score":0.48337477445602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779698641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309","display_name":"Graphite","level":2,"score":0.466964989900589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375837","display_name":"Gallic acid","level":3,"score":0.4547128677368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779603750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904093","display_name":"Voltammetry","level":4,"score":0.44810783863067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96352100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136640","display_name":"Square wave","level":3,"score":0.4462795555591583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.44387441873550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.4357207417488098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4194354712963104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.37833908200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.3485141396522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777869211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147647","display_name":"Cyclic voltammetry","level":4,"score":0.3123548626899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.2106902003288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.18598034977912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.1570420265197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.141615092754364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12102559208869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10492658615112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.08672496676445007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08601149916648865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000975","descriptor_name":"Antioxidants","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002244","descriptor_name":"Carbon","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003365","descriptor_name":"Costs and Cost Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003365","descriptor_name":"Costs and Cost Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003365","descriptor_name":"Costs and Cost Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005292","descriptor_name":"Ferricyanides","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005292","descriptor_name":"Ferricyanides","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005292","descriptor_name":"Ferricyanides","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005638","descriptor_name":"Fruit","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005638","descriptor_name":"Fruit","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005638","descriptor_name":"Fruit","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005707","descriptor_name":"Gallic Acid","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005898","descriptor_name":"Glass","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005898","descriptor_name":"Glass","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005898","descriptor_name":"Glass","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006108","descriptor_name":"Graphite","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007854","descriptor_name":"Lead","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007854","descriptor_name":"Lead","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007854","descriptor_name":"Lead","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014675","descriptor_name":"Vegetables","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014675","descriptor_name":"Vegetables","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014675","descriptor_name":"Vegetables","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014934","descriptor_name":"Wood","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014934","descriptor_name":"Wood","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014934","descriptor_name":"Wood","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055664","descriptor_name":"Electrochemical Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18887/pdf?version=1438760761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26263997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26263997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:63733b58867b41a78849db7c0c260680","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/63733b58867b41a78849db7c0c260680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 15, Iss 8, Pp 18887-18900 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/15/8/18887/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4570351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4570351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818887","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818887","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18887/pdf?version=1438760761","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319946","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118151907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2118151907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1619867394","https://openalex.org/W1908452448","https://openalex.org/W1974061734","https://openalex.org/W1979865519","https://openalex.org/W1984172052","https://openalex.org/W1993738895","https://openalex.org/W2000136133","https://openalex.org/W2004962991","https://openalex.org/W2007198840","https://openalex.org/W2010776595","https://openalex.org/W2013104926","https://openalex.org/W2014256425","https://openalex.org/W2025242848","https://openalex.org/W2026004536","https://openalex.org/W2044507240","https://openalex.org/W2051727376","https://openalex.org/W2056027580","https://openalex.org/W2056233387","https://openalex.org/W2057611098","https://openalex.org/W2057739914","https://openalex.org/W2057975033","https://openalex.org/W2059093989","https://openalex.org/W2060528892","https://openalex.org/W2072533523","https://openalex.org/W2075688640","https://openalex.org/W2094560502","https://openalex.org/W2096948313","https://openalex.org/W2107035830","https://openalex.org/W2122329077","https://openalex.org/W2136765755","https://openalex.org/W2153831345","https://openalex.org/W2181996570","https://openalex.org/W4382134653","https://openalex.org/W4382135038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312084407","https://openalex.org/W2795031019","https://openalex.org/W2391636262","https://openalex.org/W2604934725","https://openalex.org/W2011110130","https://openalex.org/W2738627170","https://openalex.org/W2035476026","https://openalex.org/W2148570818","https://openalex.org/W2341933091","https://openalex.org/W2361341721"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"development":[1,30],"of":[2,16,25,31,119,140],"portable":[3],"sensors":[4],"that":[5,110],"can":[6],"be":[7],"used":[8],"outside":[9],"the":[10,19,29,107,141,175,179],"lab":[11],"is":[12,28,88],"an":[13],"active":[14],"area":[15],"research":[17,27],"in":[18,36],"electroanalytical":[20],"field.":[21],"A":[22],"major":[23],"focus":[24],"such":[26,41],"low-cost":[32,93],"electrodes":[33,44,59],"for":[34,174],"use":[35],"these":[37],"sensors.":[38],"Current":[39],"electrodes,":[40],"as":[42],"glassy-carbon":[43],"(GCEs),":[45],"are":[46],"costly":[47],"and":[48,105,126,143,164],"require":[49],"time-consuming":[50],"preparation.":[51],"Alternatives":[52],"have":[53],"been":[54],"proposed,":[55],"including":[56],"mechanical":[57],"pencil-lead":[58],"(MPEs).":[60],"However,":[61],"MPEs":[62,111],"themselves":[63],"possess":[64],"numerous":[65],"drawbacks,":[66],"particularly":[67],"structural":[68,108],"fragility.":[69],"In":[70,129],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"present":[74],"a":[75,82,89],"novel":[76],"pencil-graphite":[77],"electrode":[78],"(PGE)":[79],"fabricated":[80],"from":[81],"regular":[83],"HB#2":[84],"pencil.":[85],"This":[86],"PGE":[87,176],"simple,":[90],"disposable,":[91],"extremely":[92],"alternative":[94],"to":[95,138,170,178],"GCEs":[96],"($0.30":[97],"per":[98,103],"PGE,":[99,151],"vs.":[100],"$190":[101],"+":[102],"GCE),":[104],"possesses":[106],"stability":[109],"lack.":[112],"PGEs":[113,132],"were":[114,167],"characterized":[115],"by":[116],"square-wave":[117],"voltammetry":[118],"ferricyanide,":[120],"gallic":[121],"acid,":[122,124],"uric":[123],"dopamine,":[125],"several":[127],"foodstuffs.":[128],"all":[130],"cases,":[131],"demonstrated":[133],"sensitivities":[134],"comparable":[135],"or":[136],"superior":[137],"those":[139],"GCE":[142],"MPE":[144],"(LOD":[145],"=":[146],"5.62":[147],"\u00d7":[148,153,158],"10(-4)":[149,154,159],"M":[150,155,160],"4.80":[152],"GCE,":[156],"2.93":[157],"MPE).":[161],"Signal":[162],"areas":[163],"peak":[165],"heights":[166],"typically":[168],"four":[169],"ten":[171],"times":[172],"larger":[173],"relative":[177],"GCE.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}