{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1840931578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","title":"Sol-Gel Material-Enabled Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators","display_name":"Sol-Gel Material-Enabled Electro-Optic Polymer Modulators","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1840931578","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","mag":"1840931578","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26225971"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18239/pdf?version=1438154460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18239/pdf?version=1438154460","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010503451","display_name":"Roland Himmelhuber","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roland Himmelhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075427447","display_name":"Robert A. Norwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-5469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Norwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072686310","display_name":"Yasufumi Enami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0303-2695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35568498","display_name":"Kochi University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00rghrr56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35568498"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasufumi Enami","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of System Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanoguchi Tosayamada, Kochi 782-8502, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of System Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, 185 Miyanoguchi Tosayamada, Kochi 782-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35568498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036843159","display_name":"N. Peyghambarian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasser Peyghambarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1630 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85721 (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010503451"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8018,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75075793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"8","first_page":"18239","last_page":"18255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11025","display_name":"Nonlinear Optical Materials Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7502689361572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.650804340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.6022653579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-modulator","display_name":"Optical modulator","score":0.5702044367790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5299179553985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.5056984424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.5040954351425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poling","display_name":"Poling","score":0.4939606785774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.374489963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-modulation","display_name":"Phase modulation","score":0.35501810908317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.27954375743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.23805132508277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16992878913879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15862679481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1043495237827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric","display_name":"Dielectric","score":0.08907830715179443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7502689361572266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.650804340839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.6022653579711914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193690875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906767","display_name":"Optical modulator","level":4,"score":0.5702044367790222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5299179553985596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.5056984424591064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.5040954351425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781372846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101191","display_name":"Poling","level":4,"score":0.4939606785774231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.374489963054657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.35501810908317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27954375743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23805132508277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16992878913879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15862679481506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1043495237827301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.08907830715179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79090758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045739","display_name":"Ferroelectricity","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18239/pdf?version=1438154460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26225971","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26225971","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ede5e0288e0d4e13aaeb7aeba38b1b34","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ede5e0288e0d4e13aaeb7aeba38b1b34","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 15, Iss 8, Pp 18239-18255 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/15/8/18239/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4570318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4570318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150818239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150818239","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/8/18239/pdf?version=1438154460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2739359725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-0812072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4252850357","display_name":"Ultra-low voltage drive of high speed optical polymer modulators","funder_award_id":"24246063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7484497674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21246060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8031058269","display_name":"NSF Engineering Research Center for Integrated Access Networks (CIAN)","funder_award_id":"0812072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8776389987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24246063","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1840931578.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1840931578.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W91150847","https://openalex.org/W586102426","https://openalex.org/W1451622225","https://openalex.org/W1551382477","https://openalex.org/W1560094023","https://openalex.org/W1965303128","https://openalex.org/W1972657994","https://openalex.org/W1976944664","https://openalex.org/W1999502246","https://openalex.org/W2003933104","https://openalex.org/W2005406824","https://openalex.org/W2006017800","https://openalex.org/W2010708118","https://openalex.org/W2012354133","https://openalex.org/W2015680686","https://openalex.org/W2016188652","https://openalex.org/W2017040072","https://openalex.org/W2020948542","https://openalex.org/W2022093302","https://openalex.org/W2032079032","https://openalex.org/W2033242105","https://openalex.org/W2033306934","https://openalex.org/W2033323337","https://openalex.org/W2041991033","https://openalex.org/W2042670900","https://openalex.org/W2043443733","https://openalex.org/W2049203140","https://openalex.org/W2053036711","https://openalex.org/W2053529541","https://openalex.org/W2055142379","https://openalex.org/W2057780131","https://openalex.org/W2058666869","https://openalex.org/W2061930091","https://openalex.org/W2062552105","https://openalex.org/W2065900511","https://openalex.org/W2072364695","https://openalex.org/W2077676118","https://openalex.org/W2078634638","https://openalex.org/W2079035410","https://openalex.org/W2080067861","https://openalex.org/W2080809612","https://openalex.org/W2081109110","https://openalex.org/W2082685192","https://openalex.org/W2088596869","https://openalex.org/W2089786345","https://openalex.org/W2092427704","https://openalex.org/W2092987070","https://openalex.org/W2096934953","https://openalex.org/W2102145755","https://openalex.org/W2104895642","https://openalex.org/W2112902104","https://openalex.org/W2128775449","https://openalex.org/W2144539860","https://openalex.org/W2151546022","https://openalex.org/W2160662889","https://openalex.org/W2161192511","https://openalex.org/W2269091546","https://openalex.org/W2270125460","https://openalex.org/W2276151623","https://openalex.org/W2330745579","https://openalex.org/W2494463287","https://openalex.org/W3180983149","https://openalex.org/W7004903014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3022937008","https://openalex.org/W1485627892","https://openalex.org/W1996994913","https://openalex.org/W2146369379","https://openalex.org/W2094999697","https://openalex.org/W2503332737","https://openalex.org/W1963485675","https://openalex.org/W1896199459","https://openalex.org/W4290715852","https://openalex.org/W2111455135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sol-gels":[0],"are":[1,17],"an":[2,23,28,32,60],"important":[3],"material":[4,12,189],"class,":[5],"as":[6,147,149],"they":[7],"provide":[8],"easy":[9,18],"modification":[10],"of":[11,92,110,126,159,167,178,188],"properties,":[13],"good":[14],"processability":[15],"and":[16,75,124,157,182,191],"to":[19,71,106,174],"synthesize.":[20],"In":[21,95,162],"general,":[22],"electro-optic":[24,111],"(EO)":[25],"modulator":[26,74],"transforms":[27],"electrical":[29,37],"signal":[30,38],"into":[31,54],"optical":[33,79,119,136,184],"signal.":[34,66],"The":[35,67,135,186],"incoming":[36],"is":[39,51,138],"most":[40],"commonly":[41],"information":[42],"encoded":[43],"in":[44,63,144,156],"a":[45,56],"voltage":[46,49,69],"change.":[47],"This":[48],"change":[50,58,62],"then":[52],"transformed":[53],"either":[55],"phase":[57],"or":[59],"intensity":[61],"the":[64,73,76,78,81,83,88,90,93,108,127,133,141,145,150,160,165,175,195],"light":[65],"less":[68],"needed":[70],"drive":[72],"lower":[77],"loss,":[80,120],"higher":[82],"link":[84],"gain":[85],"and,":[86],"therefore,":[87],"better":[89],"performance":[91,109,197],"modulator.":[94,134],"this":[96],"review,":[97],"we":[98],"will":[99,198],"show":[100],"how":[101],"sol-gels":[102],"can":[103,170],"be":[104,171,199],"used":[105,130],"enhance":[107],"modulators":[112],"by":[113,140],"allowing":[114],"for":[115,131],"designs":[116],"with":[117],"low":[118,183],"increased":[121],"poling":[122],"efficiency":[123],"manipulation":[125],"electric":[128],"field":[129],"driving":[132],"loss":[137,143],"influenced":[139],"propagation":[142],"device,":[146],"well":[148],"losses":[151],"occurring":[152],"during":[153],"fiber":[154],"coupling":[155],"out":[158],"device.":[161],"both":[163],"cases,":[164],"use":[166],"sol-gel":[168],"materials":[169],"beneficial":[172],"due":[173],"wide":[176],"range":[177],"available":[179],"refractive":[180],"indices":[181],"attenuation.":[185],"influence":[187],"properties":[190],"synthesis":[192],"conditions":[193],"on":[194],"device":[196],"discussed.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}