{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1530574582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","title":"Integrating Paper Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection for the Trace Analysis of TNT in Soil","display_name":"Integrating Paper Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection for the Trace Analysis of TNT in Soil","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1530574582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","mag":"1530574582","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184223"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150717048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/7/17048/pdf?version=1436860418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/7/17048/pdf?version=1436860418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055987302","display_name":"Patrick J. Ryan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1490-4938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Ryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Engineering Apprenticeship Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","Science and Engineering Apprenticeship Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Engineering Apprenticeship Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Engineering Apprenticeship Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111609232","display_name":"Daniel Zabetakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Zabetakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088790462","display_name":"David A. Stenger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3747-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stenger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033772791","display_name":"Scott A. Trammell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7996-590X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482722","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/021m46s67","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Trammell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington,  DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482722"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.0797,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74580613,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"17048","last_page":"17056"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10207","display_name":"Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-limit","display_name":"Detection limit","score":0.8268008232116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethylene-glycol","display_name":"Ethylene glycol","score":0.65753173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.5756064057350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.5551735758781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supporting-electrolyte","display_name":"Supporting electrolyte","score":0.48655906319618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinitrotoluene","display_name":"Trinitrotoluene","score":0.4826936721801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-chromatography","display_name":"Gas chromatography","score":0.47009655833244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solvent","display_name":"Solvent","score":0.46901458501815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter-paper","display_name":"Filter paper","score":0.46176332235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte","display_name":"Electrolyte","score":0.4481304883956909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemistry","display_name":"Electrochemistry","score":0.4359055161476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathodic-protection","display_name":"Cathodic protection","score":0.42878293991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.34941112995147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-chemistry","display_name":"Organic chemistry","score":0.14862221479415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explosive-material","display_name":"Explosive material","score":0.08314687013626099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119128265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900165","display_name":"Detection limit","level":2,"score":0.8268008232116699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777516009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194207","display_name":"Ethylene glycol","level":2,"score":0.65753173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5756064057350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.5551735758781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779896888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11498818","display_name":"Supporting electrolyte","level":4,"score":0.48655906319618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910635913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170167","display_name":"Trinitrotoluene","level":3,"score":0.4826936721801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123460561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677065","display_name":"Gas chromatography","level":2,"score":0.47009655833244324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780471494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146505","display_name":"Solvent","level":2,"score":0.46901458501815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28344629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910257","display_name":"Filter paper","level":2,"score":0.46176332235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.4481304883956909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.4359055161476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205871581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15152527","display_name":"Cathodic protection","level":4,"score":0.42878293991088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.34941112995147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.14862221479415894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.08314687013626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150717048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/7/17048/pdf?version=1436860418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26184223","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184223","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:466f7177e319455eb70d4c378cbe7054","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/466f7177e319455eb70d4c378cbe7054","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 15, Iss 7, Pp 17048-17056 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3519695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4541921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/15/7/17048/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s150717048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s150717048","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/15/7/17048/pdf?version=1436860418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1530574582.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1530574582.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497508684","https://openalex.org/W1967410318","https://openalex.org/W1973052154","https://openalex.org/W1989157562","https://openalex.org/W2002851221","https://openalex.org/W2007865521","https://openalex.org/W2013104926","https://openalex.org/W2019412100","https://openalex.org/W2033654208","https://openalex.org/W2045529048","https://openalex.org/W2048933157","https://openalex.org/W2050595904","https://openalex.org/W2051243774","https://openalex.org/W2062790588","https://openalex.org/W2068311077","https://openalex.org/W2084972704","https://openalex.org/W2085284426","https://openalex.org/W2086401671","https://openalex.org/W2113558416"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980898894","https://openalex.org/W2896305732","https://openalex.org/W3042801748","https://openalex.org/W2358084620","https://openalex.org/W2607087211","https://openalex.org/W1974119178","https://openalex.org/W2218225161","https://openalex.org/W2351042276","https://openalex.org/W2261068235","https://openalex.org/W2085144958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"on":[2,85],"the":[3,10,36,42,66,86,93],"development":[4],"of":[5,13,24,49,55,57,65,95],"an":[6],"electrochemical":[7],"probe":[8,20,87],"for":[9,47],"trace":[11],"analysis":[12],"2,4,6-trinitrotoluene":[14],"(TNT)":[15],"in":[16,75,89],"soil":[17,90],"samples.":[18],"The":[19],"is":[21],"a":[22,45,53,99],"combination":[23],"graphite":[25],"electrodes,":[26],"filter":[27],"paper,":[28],"with":[29,92],"ethylene":[30],"glycol":[31],"and":[32,52,78],"choline":[33],"chloride":[34],"as":[35,98],"solvent/electrolyte.":[37],"Square":[38],"wave":[39],"chromatovoltammograms":[40],"show":[41],"probes":[43],"have":[44],"sensitivity":[46],"TNT":[48,71],"0.75":[50],"nA/ng":[51],"limit":[54],"detection":[56],"100":[58],"ng.":[59],"In":[60],"addition,":[61],"by":[62],"taking":[63],"advantage":[64],"inherent":[67],"paper":[68],"chromatography":[69],"step,":[70],"can":[72],"be":[73],"separated":[74],"both":[76],"time":[77],"cathodic":[79],"peak":[80],"potential":[81],"from":[82],"4-amino-dinitrotolene":[83],"co-spotted":[84],"or":[88],"samples":[91],"presence":[94],"methyl":[96],"parathion":[97],"possible":[100],"interferent.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}