{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2009379379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","title":"Frequency-Shifted Interferometry \u2014 A Versatile Fiber-Optic Sensing Technique","display_name":"Frequency-Shifted Interferometry \u2014 A Versatile Fiber-Optic Sensing Technique","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2009379379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","mag":"2009379379","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24955943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140610977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10977/pdf?version=1403354055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10977/pdf?version=1403354055","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357207","display_name":"Fei Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-3283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410209","display_name":"Yiwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada. yiwei.zhang@mail.utoronto.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada. yiwei.zhang@mail.utoronto.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030128184","display_name":"Bing Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7723-8998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road,  Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road,  Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Science Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033750538","display_name":"Li Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3550-6581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada. l.qian@utoronto.ca"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,  University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada. l.qian@utoronto.ca","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.3482,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66656689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"6","first_page":"10977","last_page":"11000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.6687237024307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.6440438628196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.6399155855178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-splitter","display_name":"Fiber optic splitter","score":0.5474532246589661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.4913584291934967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4787158966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.47276952862739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-mode-optical-fiber","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","score":0.46208545565605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.45800352096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41110995411872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.40353769063949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25779956579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2543977200984955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2481849193572998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.6687237024307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.6440438628196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.6399155855178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146199129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5446365","display_name":"Fiber optic splitter","level":4,"score":0.5474532246589661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.4913584291934967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4787158966064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.47276952862739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.46208545565605164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.45800352096557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41110995411872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.40353769063949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25779956579208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2543977200984955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2481849193572998}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140610977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10977/pdf?version=1403354055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24955943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24955943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:utoronto.scholaris.ca:1807/92267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1807/92267","pdf_url":"https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/bitstreams/174a26e5-b7fe-4575-829b-0d9f6d3170c4/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400261","display_name":"TSpace (University of Toronto)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","host_organization_name":"University of Toronto","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3fd55a3b104d4f8ca41a28427703c5df","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3fd55a3b104d4f8ca41a28427703c5df","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 14, Iss 6, Pp 10977-11000 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/14/6/10977/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 14; Issue 6; Pages: 10977-11000","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4118412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4118412","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140610977","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140610977","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/6/10977/pdf?version=1403354055","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009379379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2009379379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40743071","https://openalex.org/W372508699","https://openalex.org/W594458546","https://openalex.org/W611760603","https://openalex.org/W631073711","https://openalex.org/W1504128706","https://openalex.org/W1540720543","https://openalex.org/W1567034568","https://openalex.org/W1754838066","https://openalex.org/W1963837826","https://openalex.org/W1966086941","https://openalex.org/W1969702473","https://openalex.org/W1973441263","https://openalex.org/W1975907487","https://openalex.org/W1980434899","https://openalex.org/W1981363439","https://openalex.org/W1984970911","https://openalex.org/W1992447074","https://openalex.org/W1994393379","https://openalex.org/W1996033523","https://openalex.org/W2006307524","https://openalex.org/W2014522647","https://openalex.org/W2018116256","https://openalex.org/W2020319701","https://openalex.org/W2022714784","https://openalex.org/W2024209280","https://openalex.org/W2026105594","https://openalex.org/W2030338550","https://openalex.org/W2034285996","https://openalex.org/W2038546336","https://openalex.org/W2044741762","https://openalex.org/W2052510160","https://openalex.org/W2053144605","https://openalex.org/W2061264528","https://openalex.org/W2062609061","https://openalex.org/W2065569661","https://openalex.org/W2081496248","https://openalex.org/W2082405333","https://openalex.org/W2100988395","https://openalex.org/W2108108463","https://openalex.org/W2111460811","https://openalex.org/W2119673609","https://openalex.org/W2121209873","https://openalex.org/W2121422678","https://openalex.org/W2122358532","https://openalex.org/W2125554911","https://openalex.org/W2127394451","https://openalex.org/W2129863814","https://openalex.org/W2130347386","https://openalex.org/W2138835966","https://openalex.org/W2140256480","https://openalex.org/W2140637004","https://openalex.org/W2145917513","https://openalex.org/W2155926511","https://openalex.org/W2159798790","https://openalex.org/W2164454805","https://openalex.org/W2168388767","https://openalex.org/W2172236577","https://openalex.org/W3048703983","https://openalex.org/W3147298181","https://openalex.org/W3149320760","https://openalex.org/W4235080641","https://openalex.org/W4246461308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2029075758","https://openalex.org/W2075740174","https://openalex.org/W2567745884","https://openalex.org/W2076860621","https://openalex.org/W2036102429","https://openalex.org/W2035675438","https://openalex.org/W2214240549","https://openalex.org/W3026544268","https://openalex.org/W1919252020","https://openalex.org/W2111502347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fiber-optic":[0],"sensing":[1,17,32],"is":[2,6,98],"a":[3,9,30,46,55,81],"field":[4],"that":[5],"developing":[7],"at":[8],"fast":[10],"pace.":[11],"Novel":[12],"fiber-optic":[13,31,84],"sensor":[14,85],"designs":[15],"and":[16,54,67,74,87],"principles":[18,62],"constantly":[19],"open":[20],"doors":[21],"for":[22],"new":[23],"opportunities.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26],"paper,":[27],"we":[28],"review":[29],"technique":[33,44],"developed":[34],"in":[35,71],"our":[36],"research":[37],"group":[38],"called":[39],"frequency-shifted":[40],"interferometry":[41],"(FSI).":[42],"This":[43],"uses":[45],"continuous-wave":[47],"light":[48],"source,":[49],"an":[50],"optical":[51],"frequency":[52],"shifter,":[53],"slow":[56],"detector.":[57],"We":[58],"discuss":[59],"the":[60],"operation":[61],"of":[63,94],"several":[64],"FSI":[65,95],"implementations":[66],"show":[68],"their":[69],"applications":[70],"fiber":[72,82],"length":[73],"dispersion":[75],"measurement,":[76],"locating":[77],"weak":[78],"reflections":[79],"along":[80],"link,":[83],"multiplexing,":[86],"high-sensitivity":[88],"cavity":[89],"ring-down":[90],"measurement.":[91],"Detailed":[92],"analysis":[93],"system":[96],"parameters":[97],"also":[99],"presented.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}