{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992847637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","title":"Adjustment of Measurements with Multiplicative Errors: Error Analysis, Estimates of the Variance of Unit Weight, and Effect on Volume Estimation from LiDAR-Type Digital Elevation Models","display_name":"Adjustment of Measurements with Multiplicative Errors: Error Analysis, Estimates of the Variance of Unit Weight, and Effect on Volume Estimation from LiDAR-Type Digital Elevation Models","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992847637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","mag":"1992847637","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24434880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140101249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/1249/pdf?version=1403342913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/1249/pdf?version=1403342913","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011290120","display_name":"Yun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7370-0663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083821023","display_name":"Peiliang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1830-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["CN","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiliang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan","School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. pxu@rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. pxu@rcep.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026394989","display_name":"Junhuan Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0587-9486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3125743391","display_name":"China University of Geosciences (Beijing)","ror":"https://ror.org/04q6c7p66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junhuan Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Land Science and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. pengjunhuan@163.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Land Science and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3125743391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. pengjunhuan@163.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709710","display_name":"Chuang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1600-9160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181903023","display_name":"Xi'an Shiyou University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c7js64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181903023"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China","School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. shi@whu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. shi@whu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473","https://openalex.org/I181903023"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101705110","display_name":"Jingnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-9113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110440473","display_name":"Xi'an University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/046fkpt18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China","School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. jnliu@whu.edu.cn"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China. jnliu@whu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110440473"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.0661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7573766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"1249","last_page":"1266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7677680253982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6990018486976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-function","display_name":"Multiplicative function","score":0.6006516814231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5691981911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.5253024697303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance","display_name":"Covariance","score":0.5131881833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5113551020622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error","display_name":"Observational error","score":0.4762718379497528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.4394036531448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.43516042828559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.41532212495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/errors-in-variables-models","display_name":"Errors-in-variables models","score":0.41021257638931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39320412278175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.27761542797088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13933518528938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13496583700180054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7677680253982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6990018486976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.6006516814231873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5691981911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.5253024697303772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5131881833076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5113551020622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.4762718379497528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4394036531448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.43516042828559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.41532212495803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179024874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5395728","display_name":"Errors-in-variables models","level":2,"score":0.41021257638931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39320412278175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.27761542797088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13933518528938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13496583700180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140101249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/1249/pdf?version=1403342913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24434880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24434880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3675bed712a94e2dbf6eea35f49532c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3675bed712a94e2dbf6eea35f49532c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1249-1266 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2910369","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3926613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/14/1/1249/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 14; Issue 1; Pages: 1249-1266","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3926613","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3926613","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s140101249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s140101249","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/14/1/1249/pdf?version=1403342913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5088030688","display_name":"Combining different types of data for geophysical inverse problems: Theory and applications","funder_award_id":"25400449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1992847637.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W174107858","https://openalex.org/W1503450724","https://openalex.org/W1528905581","https://openalex.org/W1547669723","https://openalex.org/W1610073713","https://openalex.org/W1968622931","https://openalex.org/W1970142532","https://openalex.org/W1976640487","https://openalex.org/W1979159029","https://openalex.org/W1989335059","https://openalex.org/W1989633649","https://openalex.org/W1992772704","https://openalex.org/W1994641974","https://openalex.org/W2008070546","https://openalex.org/W2014944622","https://openalex.org/W2017689918","https://openalex.org/W2024251604","https://openalex.org/W2029719290","https://openalex.org/W2032178634","https://openalex.org/W2035983506","https://openalex.org/W2037402385","https://openalex.org/W2038131935","https://openalex.org/W2044454322","https://openalex.org/W2046033161","https://openalex.org/W2057421259","https://openalex.org/W2057786325","https://openalex.org/W2060012749","https://openalex.org/W2063788249","https://openalex.org/W2064785966","https://openalex.org/W2074208450","https://openalex.org/W2074319623","https://openalex.org/W2081612034","https://openalex.org/W2085447740","https://openalex.org/W2092924074","https://openalex.org/W2093141040","https://openalex.org/W2097169065","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2107626502","https://openalex.org/W2114071526","https://openalex.org/W2129249398","https://openalex.org/W2132288941","https://openalex.org/W2135893344","https://openalex.org/W2142587760","https://openalex.org/W2150666871","https://openalex.org/W2170238123","https://openalex.org/W2170470889","https://openalex.org/W2171700446","https://openalex.org/W2498631646","https://openalex.org/W2797638056","https://openalex.org/W2797948216","https://openalex.org/W2965720098","https://openalex.org/W2990798733","https://openalex.org/W3140056478","https://openalex.org/W4246559506","https://openalex.org/W4249102610","https://openalex.org/W4249989757","https://openalex.org/W4301861531","https://openalex.org/W4403503060","https://openalex.org/W6644837573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2909855017","https://openalex.org/W2352163239","https://openalex.org/W2264981486","https://openalex.org/W4210419302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"observation":[1],"technology":[2],"has":[3],"verified":[4],"that":[5],"measurement":[6],"errors":[7],"can":[8],"be":[9,150],"proportional":[10],"to":[11,37,52,149],"the":[12,39,64,72,76,82,86,102,110,156,170,177],"true":[13],"values":[14],"of":[15,26,41,56,58,63,66,75,88,104,109,136,158,172],"measurements":[16,84,89,117,162],"such":[17],"as":[18,132],"GPS,":[19],"VLBI":[20],"baselines":[21],"and":[22,43,61,85,154,166],"LiDAR.":[23],"Observational":[24],"models":[25,51,127],"this":[27],"type":[28],"are":[29,118],"called":[30],"multiplicative":[31,49,91,121,160],"error":[32,50,54,92,161],"models.":[33,93],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"is":[36,147],"extend":[38],"work":[40],"Xu":[42],"Shimada":[44],"published":[45],"in":[46,90,107],"2000":[47],"on":[48,163,169],"analytical":[53],"analysis":[55],"quantities":[57],"practical":[59],"interest":[60],"estimates":[62],"variance":[65,103],"unit":[67,105],"weight.":[68],"We":[69,140],"analytically":[70],"derive":[71],"variance-covariance":[73],"matrices":[74],"three":[77,111],"least":[78],"squares":[79],"(LS)":[80],"adjustments,":[81],"adjusted":[83],"corrections":[87],"For":[94],"quality":[95],"evaluation,":[96],"we":[97],"construct":[98],"five":[99],"estimators":[100],"for":[101],"weight":[106],"association":[108],"LS":[112],"adjustment":[113],"methods.":[114],"Although":[115],"LiDAR":[116],"contaminated":[119],"with":[120,152],"random":[122,138],"errors,":[123],"LiDAR-based":[124],"digital":[125],"elevation":[126],"(DEM)":[128],"have":[129],"been":[130],"constructed":[131,178],"if":[133],"they":[134],"were":[135],"additive":[137],"errors.":[139],"will":[141],"simulate":[142],"a":[143],"model":[144],"landslide,":[145],"which":[146],"assumed":[148],"surveyed":[151],"LiDAR,":[153],"investigate":[155],"effect":[157,168],"LiDAR-type":[159],"DEM":[164],"construction":[165],"its":[167],"estimate":[171],"landslide":[173],"mass":[174],"volume":[175],"from":[176],"DEM.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}