{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2169250593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s130810802","title":"A Novel Gaze Tracking Method Based on the Generation of Virtual Calibration Points","display_name":"A Novel Gaze Tracking Method Based on the Generation of Virtual Calibration Points","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2169250593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s130810802","mag":"2169250593","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23959241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s130810802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s130810802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/8/10802/pdf?version=1403332367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/8/10802/pdf?version=1403332367","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410636","display_name":"Ji Hyun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-502X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045028660","display_name":"Hwan Heo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-9561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hwan Heo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045976228","display_name":"Kang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045976228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.8409,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9109823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"10802","last_page":"10822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8275188207626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pupil","display_name":"Pupil","score":0.7997731566429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7800185680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7255479693412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7189454436302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.627895712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5577248334884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.550220787525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.46748465299606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrangle","display_name":"Quadrangle","score":0.42864349484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.41986700892448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3382135033607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20660454034805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14413559436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12253090739250183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8275188207626343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.7997731566429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7800185680389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7255479693412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7189454436302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.627895712852478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5577248334884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.550220787525177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.46748465299606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27258493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268308","display_name":"Quadrangle","level":2,"score":0.42864349484443665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.41986700892448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3382135033607483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20660454034805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14413559436798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12253090739250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001288","descriptor_name":"Attention","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005403","descriptor_name":"Fixation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s130810802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s130810802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/8/10802/pdf?version=1403332367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23959241","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23959241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.400.9140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.400.9140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/8/10802/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7a1ea044814741798d05b0d2bd1f80a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7a1ea044814741798d05b0d2bd1f80a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 13, Iss 8, Pp 10802-10822 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2798598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3812629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s130810802","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s130810802","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/8/10802/pdf?version=1403332367","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3592224260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2012R1A1A2038666","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169250593.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2169250593.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972295879","https://openalex.org/W1985727125","https://openalex.org/W1990049419","https://openalex.org/W1995083477","https://openalex.org/W1999270484","https://openalex.org/W1999343835","https://openalex.org/W2016222375","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2046419882","https://openalex.org/W2053874005","https://openalex.org/W2057861280","https://openalex.org/W2069031758","https://openalex.org/W2074840634","https://openalex.org/W2075739290","https://openalex.org/W2104188055","https://openalex.org/W2105554248","https://openalex.org/W2112131249","https://openalex.org/W2113165517","https://openalex.org/W2120447482","https://openalex.org/W2128311615","https://openalex.org/W2135346731","https://openalex.org/W2142727917","https://openalex.org/W2151111894","https://openalex.org/W2153251908","https://openalex.org/W2166964954","https://openalex.org/W2168240086","https://openalex.org/W2227198204","https://openalex.org/W2340480757","https://openalex.org/W2545181179","https://openalex.org/W2614968373","https://openalex.org/W6675607805","https://openalex.org/W6676797519","https://openalex.org/W6677836563"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237181552","https://openalex.org/W1563088842","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W2510844686","https://openalex.org/W2211021966","https://openalex.org/W2256387306","https://openalex.org/W2009959527","https://openalex.org/W2105749333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"conventional":[1],"gaze-tracking":[2,29,37],"systems":[3],"require":[4],"that":[5,59,182,192],"users":[6,60],"look":[7,61],"at":[8,44,62,107],"many":[9],"points":[10,66,82,96,173],"during":[11,67,72],"the":[12,48,68,93,111,115,118,128,132,143,148,162,170,175,183,186],"initial":[13,69],"calibration":[14,65,70],"stage,":[15,71],"which":[16,73],"is":[17,122,138,189],"inconvenient":[18],"for":[19],"them.":[20],"To":[21],"avoid":[22],"this":[23,158],"requirement,":[24],"we":[25,141],"propose":[26],"a":[27,40,45,52,89,104,108,123,152],"new":[28],"method":[30,188],"with":[31,88],"four":[32,64,74,94,119,176],"important":[33],"characteristics.":[34],"First,":[35],"our":[36,56],"system":[38,57],"uses":[39],"large":[41,109],"screen":[42,149],"located":[43],"distance":[46],"from":[47],"user,":[49],"who":[50],"wears":[51],"lightweight":[53],"device.":[54],"Second,":[55],"requires":[58],"only":[63],"pupil":[75,84,98,120,144],"centers":[76,121],"are":[77,86],"noted.":[78],"Third,":[79],"five":[80,171],"additional":[81],"(virtual":[83],"centers)":[85,99],"generated":[87],"multilayer":[90],"perceptron":[91],"using":[92,151,169],"actual":[95,177],"(detected":[97],"as":[100],"inputs.":[101],"Fourth,":[102],"when":[103],"user":[105],"gazes":[106],"screen,":[110],"shape":[112],"defined":[113],"by":[114,160],"positions":[116],"of":[117,127,131,185,193],"distorted":[124],"quadrangle":[125],"because":[126],"nonlinear":[129],"movement":[130,145],"human":[133],"eyeball.":[134],"The":[135],"gaze-detection":[136],"accuracy":[137,184],"reduced":[139],"if":[140],"map":[142],"area":[146,150],"onto":[147],"single":[153],"transform":[154],"function.":[155],"We":[156],"overcame":[157],"problem":[159],"calculating":[161],"gaze":[163],"position":[164],"based":[165],"on":[166],"multi-geometric":[167],"transforms":[168],"virtual":[172],"and":[174],"points.":[178],"Experiment":[179],"results":[180],"show":[181],"proposed":[187],"better":[190],"than":[191],"other":[194],"methods.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
