{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025623975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","title":"Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review","display_name":"Detecting Driver Drowsiness Based on Sensors: A Review","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025623975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","mag":"2025623975","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23223151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s121216937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16937/pdf?version=1610331189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16937/pdf?version=1610331189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022659445","display_name":"Arun Sahayadhas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1230-4362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arun Sahayadhas","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080806243","display_name":"Kenneth Sundaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7221-0072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Sundaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083119779","display_name":"M. Murugappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-4589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murugappan Murugappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI-Rehab Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kampus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022659445"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.5735,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":756,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99061977,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"16937","last_page":"16953"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11373","display_name":"Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12006","display_name":"Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44220998883247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33936524391174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33885249495506287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44220998883247375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33936524391174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33885249495506287}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s121216937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16937/pdf?version=1610331189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23223151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23223151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.296.2368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.296.2368","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16937/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b7f3595712a14210bfda5761b0adef80","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b7f3595712a14210bfda5761b0adef80","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 12, Iss 12, Pp 16937-16953 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2574664","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3571819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/12/12/16937/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 12; Issue 12; Pages: 16937-16953","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s121216937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s121216937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/12/16937/pdf?version=1610331189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2025623975.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2025623975.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57416699","https://openalex.org/W104674601","https://openalex.org/W147739808","https://openalex.org/W250727278","https://openalex.org/W630464951","https://openalex.org/W652417460","https://openalex.org/W1505672233","https://openalex.org/W1527774513","https://openalex.org/W1549533333","https://openalex.org/W1563900760","https://openalex.org/W1577936619","https://openalex.org/W1585406901","https://openalex.org/W1605987786","https://openalex.org/W1964607035","https://openalex.org/W1969397900","https://openalex.org/W1972398480","https://openalex.org/W1978602582","https://openalex.org/W1981355345","https://openalex.org/W1986219925","https://openalex.org/W1989639897","https://openalex.org/W1993192093","https://openalex.org/W1996754940","https://openalex.org/W2007320090","https://openalex.org/W2008268810","https://openalex.org/W2012713115","https://openalex.org/W2014815679","https://openalex.org/W2017247606","https://openalex.org/W2021707030","https://openalex.org/W2026497687","https://openalex.org/W2029772767","https://openalex.org/W2035422567","https://openalex.org/W2037208234","https://openalex.org/W2043133488","https://openalex.org/W2049853010","https://openalex.org/W2050107338","https://openalex.org/W2052703053","https://openalex.org/W2052770734","https://openalex.org/W2057017203","https://openalex.org/W2058569601","https://openalex.org/W2059303722","https://openalex.org/W2061888510","https://openalex.org/W2067962467","https://openalex.org/W2068056957","https://openalex.org/W2068494370","https://openalex.org/W2069809919","https://openalex.org/W2071878275","https://openalex.org/W2083927539","https://openalex.org/W2085986654","https://openalex.org/W2087774632","https://openalex.org/W2089967095","https://openalex.org/W2092728879","https://openalex.org/W2093449404","https://openalex.org/W2097437818","https://openalex.org/W2098052898","https://openalex.org/W2100034063","https://openalex.org/W2103978011","https://openalex.org/W2110123612","https://openalex.org/W2110591043","https://openalex.org/W2115647827","https://openalex.org/W2117512018","https://openalex.org/W2118851874","https://openalex.org/W2124010291","https://openalex.org/W2127322558","https://openalex.org/W2132417262","https://openalex.org/W2142578527","https://openalex.org/W2144106141","https://openalex.org/W2146976664","https://openalex.org/W2150917813","https://openalex.org/W2152455756","https://openalex.org/W2153823016","https://openalex.org/W2253878148","https://openalex.org/W2316500792","https://openalex.org/W2325932764","https://openalex.org/W2356490583","https://openalex.org/W2767125546","https://openalex.org/W4245386430","https://openalex.org/W6604279519","https://openalex.org/W6631463610","https://openalex.org/W6633680292","https://openalex.org/W6647042574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,98],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"driver":[3,34,42,52,176],"drowsiness":[4,35,53,124,139,155],"has":[5,125],"been":[6,126],"one":[7,150],"of":[8,12,31,117,157,162],"the":[9,29,41,55,78,86,108,113,154],"major":[10],"causes":[11],"road":[13,163],"accidents":[14,164],"and":[15,23,64,85,111,115],"can":[16],"lead":[17],"to":[18,50,90,93,107,174],"severe":[19],"physical":[20],"injuries,":[21],"deaths":[22],"significant":[24],"economic":[25],"losses.":[26],"Statistics":[27],"indicate":[28],"need":[30,89],"a":[32,44,95,137,158,175],"reliable":[33],"detection":[36,140],"system":[37,141],"which":[38,123],"could":[39],"alert":[40,171],"before":[43],"mishap":[45],"happens.":[46],"Researchers":[47],"have":[48],"attempted":[49],"determine":[51,153],"using":[54],"following":[56],"measures:":[57],"(1)":[58],"vehicle-based":[59],"measures;":[60],"(2)":[61],"behavioral":[62],"measures":[63,73,105,146,149],"(3)":[65],"physiological":[66,145],"measures.":[67],"A":[68,160],"detailed":[69],"review":[70,102],"on":[71,77],"these":[72,103],"will":[74],"provide":[75],"insight":[76],"present":[79],"systems,":[80],"issues":[81],"associated":[82],"with":[83,147],"them":[84],"enhancements":[87],"that":[88,134,142,177],"be":[91,167],"done":[92],"make":[94],"robust":[96],"system.":[97],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101],"three":[104],"as":[106],"sensors":[109],"used":[110],"discuss":[112],"advantages":[114],"limitations":[116],"each.":[118],"The":[119],"various":[120],"ways":[121],"through":[122],"experimentally":[127],"manipulated":[128],"is":[129,172,178],"also":[130],"discussed.":[131],"We":[132],"conclude":[133],"by":[135],"designing":[136],"hybrid":[138],"combines":[143],"non-intrusive":[144],"other":[148],"would":[151],"accurately":[152],"level":[156],"driver.":[159],"number":[161],"might":[165],"then":[166],"avoided":[168],"if":[169],"an":[170],"sent":[173],"deemed":[179],"drowsy.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":88},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T08:51:43.019350","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
