{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036443029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","title":"An Adaptive Background Subtraction Method Based on Kernel Density Estimation","display_name":"An Adaptive Background Subtraction Method Based on Kernel Density Estimation","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036443029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","mag":"2036443029"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12279/pdf?version=1403318269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12279/pdf?version=1403318269","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086094498","display_name":"Jeisung Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeisung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002749965","display_name":"Mignon Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mignon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002749965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.6063,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9378623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"12279","last_page":"12300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-subtraction","display_name":"Background subtraction","score":0.9100468158721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7553151249885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.7174801230430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.6564031839370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6050752401351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5716514587402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5431886911392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-estimation","display_name":"Density estimation","score":0.5136820673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5109049677848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48212432861328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4621238708496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreground-detection","display_name":"Foreground detection","score":0.4381338357925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-image","display_name":"Background image","score":0.4222898781299591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34194767475128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2078535556793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08290359377861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32653426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Background subtraction","level":3,"score":0.9100468158721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7553151249885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.7174801230430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6564031839370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6050752401351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5716514587402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5431886911392212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189508267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17088227","display_name":"Density estimation","level":3,"score":0.5136820673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5109049677848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48212432861328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4621238708496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779769447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813641","display_name":"Foreground detection","level":4,"score":0.4381338357925415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019635856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1619726","display_name":"Background image","level":3,"score":0.4222898781299591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34194767475128174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2078535556793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08290359377861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12279/pdf?version=1403318269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc00ddd38480405089cddea8853392c4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc00ddd38480405089cddea8853392c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 12, Iss 9, Pp 12279-12300 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2475949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3478839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/12/9/12279/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 12; Issue 9; Pages: 12279-12300","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912279","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12279/pdf?version=1403318269","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322349","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2036443029.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2036443029.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573546770","https://openalex.org/W1982737054","https://openalex.org/W1992381997","https://openalex.org/W2036057345","https://openalex.org/W2089115222","https://openalex.org/W2096309046","https://openalex.org/W2098305432","https://openalex.org/W2102625004","https://openalex.org/W2108947279","https://openalex.org/W2114535528","https://openalex.org/W2118143383","https://openalex.org/W2127070222","https://openalex.org/W2131923631","https://openalex.org/W2140235142","https://openalex.org/W2141572457","https://openalex.org/W2143373691","https://openalex.org/W2149070968","https://openalex.org/W2150634088","https://openalex.org/W2158604775","https://openalex.org/W2163197466","https://openalex.org/W2764390228","https://openalex.org/W3094885158","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188430267","https://openalex.org/W4309442235","https://openalex.org/W2136806931","https://openalex.org/W4226212444","https://openalex.org/W3138277141","https://openalex.org/W1976932551","https://openalex.org/W2161219919","https://openalex.org/W2055234710","https://openalex.org/W2385859628","https://openalex.org/W2610698896"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3],"pixel-based":[4],"background":[5,99,114],"modeling":[6],"method,":[7],"which":[8],"uses":[9],"nonparametric":[10],"kernel":[11],"density":[12],"estimation,":[13],"is":[14,95,103],"proposed.":[15],"To":[16],"reduce":[17],"the":[18,25,31,46,51,66,73,85],"burden":[19],"of":[20],"image":[21,61],"storage,":[22],"we":[23],"modify":[24],"original":[26],"KDE":[27],"method":[28,58,75,88],"by":[29,44],"using":[30],"first":[32],"frame":[33,43],"to":[34,50,63,76,79,119],"initialize":[35],"it":[36,39],"and":[37,82,94,109],"update":[38],"subsequently":[40],"at":[41],"every":[42],"controlling":[45],"learning":[47],"rate":[48],"according":[49],"situations.":[52],"We":[53],"apply":[54],"an":[55],"adaptive":[56],"threshold":[57],"based":[59],"on":[60,105],"changes":[62],"effectively":[64,83],"subtract":[65],"dynamic":[67,98],"backgrounds.":[68],"The":[69,87,101],"devised":[70],"scheme":[71],"allows":[72],"proposed":[74],"automatically":[77],"adapt":[78],"various":[80,106],"environments":[81],"extract":[84],"foreground.":[86],"presented":[89],"here":[90],"exhibits":[91],"good":[92],"performance":[93],"suitable":[96],"for":[97],"environments.":[100],"algorithm":[102],"tested":[104],"video":[107],"sequences":[108],"compared":[110],"with":[111],"other":[112],"state-of-the-art":[113],"subtraction":[115],"methods":[116],"so":[117],"as":[118],"verify":[120],"its":[121],"performance.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}