{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2053126730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","title":"Sensor Systems Based on FPGAs and Their Applications: A Survey","display_name":"Sensor Systems Based on FPGAs and Their Applications: A Survey","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2053126730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","mag":"2053126730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12235/pdf?version=1403318267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12235/pdf?version=1403318267","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017722032","display_name":"Antonio de la Piedra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0916-8937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio De la Piedra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium","Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011861898","display_name":"An Braeken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-915X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98486269","display_name":"Erasmus University College Brussels","ror":"https://ror.org/01767d733","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98486269"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Braeken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Erasmushogeschool Brussel, Nijverheidskaai 170, Brussels 1070, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Erasmushogeschool Brussel, Nijverheidskaai 170, Brussels 1070, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98486269"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079271428","display_name":"Abdellah Touhafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8891-180X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13469542","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","ror":"https://ror.org/006e5kg04","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdellah Touhafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Faculty of Engineering Sciences,Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017722032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13469542"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":10.7858,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98308419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"12235","last_page":"12264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9775999784469604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.9166347980499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.799739420413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6903201937675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6841502785682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6185632944107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5387412309646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4923464059829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.48026204109191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.45851609110832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.35438746213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3539097309112549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3302861750125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07980352640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07007226347923279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.9166347980499268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.799739420413971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6903201937675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6841502785682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6185632944107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5387412309646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4923464059829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.48026204109191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.45851609110832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.35438746213912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3539097309112549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3302861750125885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07980352640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07007226347923279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12235/pdf?version=1403318267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:98c5cb9fec3c443ca64213e203186d21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/98c5cb9fec3c443ca64213e203186d21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 12, Iss 9, Pp 12235-12264 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2475947","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3478837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/12/9/12235/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 12; Issue 9; Pages: 12235-12264","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120912235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120912235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/9/12235/pdf?version=1403318267","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127770406","https://openalex.org/W1506205081","https://openalex.org/W1515231935","https://openalex.org/W1530015038","https://openalex.org/W1548561594","https://openalex.org/W1563582204","https://openalex.org/W1571140939","https://openalex.org/W1620066935","https://openalex.org/W1730724501","https://openalex.org/W1757537413","https://openalex.org/W1802259427","https://openalex.org/W1828247097","https://openalex.org/W1903863260","https://openalex.org/W1967035677","https://openalex.org/W1970793477","https://openalex.org/W1972286159","https://openalex.org/W1972392829","https://openalex.org/W1973850664","https://openalex.org/W1976237476","https://openalex.org/W1980508604","https://openalex.org/W2000993549","https://openalex.org/W2001024356","https://openalex.org/W2012691852","https://openalex.org/W2013319183","https://openalex.org/W2021181294","https://openalex.org/W2021798652","https://openalex.org/W2023050055","https://openalex.org/W2023987291","https://openalex.org/W2028894199","https://openalex.org/W2033841784","https://openalex.org/W2037133370","https://openalex.org/W2039224381","https://openalex.org/W2042850549","https://openalex.org/W2050370156","https://openalex.org/W2053102566","https://openalex.org/W2061186285","https://openalex.org/W2061908058","https://openalex.org/W2068904474","https://openalex.org/W2071068333","https://openalex.org/W2082348075","https://openalex.org/W2084358482","https://openalex.org/W2090135783","https://openalex.org/W2098762322","https://openalex.org/W2101912677","https://openalex.org/W2102141758","https://openalex.org/W2104591163","https://openalex.org/W2105011467","https://openalex.org/W2107288915","https://openalex.org/W2111751580","https://openalex.org/W2112961503","https://openalex.org/W2116909032","https://openalex.org/W2117427846","https://openalex.org/W2120264281","https://openalex.org/W2124492024","https://openalex.org/W2129319777","https://openalex.org/W2132021978","https://openalex.org/W2133712953","https://openalex.org/W2135361125","https://openalex.org/W2135505702","https://openalex.org/W2136221591","https://openalex.org/W2137946353","https://openalex.org/W2138507498","https://openalex.org/W2141142295","https://openalex.org/W2144092819","https://openalex.org/W2147476209","https://openalex.org/W2148592599","https://openalex.org/W2149259182","https://openalex.org/W2149861078","https://openalex.org/W2155462975","https://openalex.org/W2163396134","https://openalex.org/W2165677640","https://openalex.org/W2167242605","https://openalex.org/W2168084538","https://openalex.org/W2168452204","https://openalex.org/W2171036937","https://openalex.org/W2177859925","https://openalex.org/W2182566376","https://openalex.org/W2408295875","https://openalex.org/W2532925617","https://openalex.org/W2535350066","https://openalex.org/W2535507954","https://openalex.org/W2536213122","https://openalex.org/W2538670505","https://openalex.org/W2539793112","https://openalex.org/W2541162320","https://openalex.org/W2544722824","https://openalex.org/W2545653316","https://openalex.org/W2663930343","https://openalex.org/W3125112061","https://openalex.org/W3142474233","https://openalex.org/W3144753714","https://openalex.org/W4206262605","https://openalex.org/W6632912421","https://openalex.org/W6654034883","https://openalex.org/W6675194066","https://openalex.org/W6679164043","https://openalex.org/W6681149923"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4316095964","https://openalex.org/W2383001583","https://openalex.org/W2771395446","https://openalex.org/W1175778682","https://openalex.org/W2366613813","https://openalex.org/W4388857716","https://openalex.org/W2967825365","https://openalex.org/W2184036065","https://openalex.org/W2366961778","https://openalex.org/W1572721274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"manuscript,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"a":[5,26,95],"survey":[6],"of":[7,11,28,45,61,64,68,77,89,101],"designs":[8],"and":[9,30,40,70,91,114],"implementations":[10],"research":[12],"sensor":[13,36,79,102],"nodes":[14],"that":[15,83],"rely":[16],"on":[17,86],"FPGAs,":[18],"either":[19],"based":[20,85],"upon":[21],"standalone":[22],"platforms":[23],"or":[24],"as":[25,110],"combination":[27,88],"microcontroller":[29],"FPGA.":[31],"Several":[32],"current":[33],"challenges":[34],"in":[35,66,73,98,104],"networks":[37],"are":[38,55,119],"distinguished":[39],"linked":[41],"to":[42,57,75],"the":[43,59,87,99],"features":[44],"modern":[46],"FPGAs.":[47],"As":[48],"it":[49],"turns":[50],"out,":[51],"low-power":[52],"optimized":[53],"FPGAs":[54],"able":[56],"enhance":[58],"computation":[60],"several":[62],"types":[63],"algorithms":[65],"terms":[67],"speed":[69],"power":[71],"consumption":[72],"comparison":[74],"microcontrollers":[76,90],"commercial":[78],"nodes.":[80],"We":[81],"show":[82],"architectures":[84],"FPGA":[92],"can":[93],"play":[94],"key":[96],"role":[97],"future":[100],"networks,":[103],"fields":[105],"where":[106],"processing":[107],"capabilities":[108],"such":[109],"strong":[111],"cryptography,":[112],"self-testing":[113],"data":[115],"compression,":[116],"among":[117],"others,":[118],"paramount.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}