{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970086367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811100","title":"Design and Fabrication of a Large-Stroke Deformable Mirror Using a Gear-Shape Ionic-Conductive Polymer Metal Composite","display_name":"Design and Fabrication of a Large-Stroke Deformable Mirror Using a Gear-Shape Ionic-Conductive Polymer Metal Composite","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970086367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811100","mag":"1970086367","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120811100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11100/pdf?version=1403318041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11100/pdf?version=1403318041","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111533047","display_name":"Hsiang-Chun Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Chun Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062829016","display_name":"Guo-Dung J. Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8240-1814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guo-Dung John Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062829016"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.3601,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60160769,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"11100","last_page":"11112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10107","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6606217622756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.6460738778114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.5810800194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformable-mirror","display_name":"Deformable mirror","score":0.48887938261032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4796760082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.47665339708328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4253383278846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceramic","display_name":"Ceramic","score":0.42088550329208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catadioptric-system","display_name":"Catadioptric system","score":0.42030495405197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4124719202518463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3791157305240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.3399962782859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.24424520134925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20945972204208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14854389429092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12943118810653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12067744135856628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6606217622756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.6460738778114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5810800194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136872047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251695","display_name":"Deformable mirror","level":3,"score":0.48887938261032104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4796760082244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.47665339708328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4253383278846741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134132462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45621","display_name":"Ceramic","level":2,"score":0.42088550329208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153396827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142960","display_name":"Catadioptric system","level":3,"score":0.42030495405197144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4124719202518463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3791157305240631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3399962782859802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.24424520134925842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20945972204208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14854389429092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12943118810653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12067744135856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120811100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11100/pdf?version=1403318041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23112648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2475841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3472876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.386.9084","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.386.9084","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11100/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4cbfc685339640ed9d0af9c957f84bb8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4cbfc685339640ed9d0af9c957f84bb8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 12, Iss 8, Pp 11100-11112 (2012)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120811100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120811100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/8/11100/pdf?version=1403318041","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1970086367.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1970086367.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964430244","https://openalex.org/W1982847068","https://openalex.org/W1989700546","https://openalex.org/W2008415181","https://openalex.org/W2025232514","https://openalex.org/W2045312872","https://openalex.org/W2045978625","https://openalex.org/W2052908921","https://openalex.org/W2055784006","https://openalex.org/W2064749865","https://openalex.org/W2071370993","https://openalex.org/W2078847656","https://openalex.org/W2083991167","https://openalex.org/W2108649684","https://openalex.org/W2172144905","https://openalex.org/W4237100303","https://openalex.org/W6671434306"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2084759888","https://openalex.org/W2947906345","https://openalex.org/W2371322117","https://openalex.org/W2039353981","https://openalex.org/W2033526287","https://openalex.org/W2076634935","https://openalex.org/W133605517","https://openalex.org/W2362097548","https://openalex.org/W2184284980","https://openalex.org/W2001840567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"camera":[1,40,83],"modules":[2],"with":[3,110,216],"image":[4,77],"sensors":[5],"manipulate":[6],"the":[7,22,65,70,73,82,142,149,163,166,189,205,238],"focus":[8,69],"or":[9],"zoom":[10],"by":[11,154],"moving":[12,33],"lenses.":[13],"Although":[14],"motors,":[15,19],"such":[16],"as":[17,135],"voice-coil":[18],"can":[20,63,80,99,172],"move":[21],"lens":[23],"sets":[24],"precisely,":[25],"large":[26,108],"volume,":[27],"high":[28],"power":[29,67,203],"consumption,":[30],"and":[31,124,148,200,232],"long":[32],"time":[34],"are":[35],"critical":[36],"issues":[37],"for":[38,168],"motor-type":[39],"modules.":[41],"A":[42,177],"deformable":[43,207,230],"mirror":[44,208],"(DM)":[45],"provides":[46],"a":[47,57,93,116,193],"good":[48],"opportunity":[49],"to":[50,68,187,212],"improve":[51],"these":[52],"issues.":[53],"The":[54,219],"DM":[55],"is":[56,92,209],"reflective":[58],"type":[59],"optical":[60,66,76],"component":[61],"which":[62],"alter":[64],"lights":[71],"on":[72,121,159],"two":[74,138,217,224],"dimensional":[75],"sensors.":[78],"It":[79],"make":[81],"system":[84],"operate":[85],"rapidly.":[86],"Ionic":[87],"polymer":[88,96],"metal":[89],"composite":[90],"(IPMC)":[91],"promising":[94],"electro-actuated":[95],"material":[97],"that":[98],"be":[100,173,213],"used":[101,186],"in":[102,141],"micromachining":[103],"devices":[104],"because":[105],"of":[106,162,180,204],"its":[107],"deformation":[109,167],"low":[111],"actuation":[112],"voltage.":[113],"We":[114,127],"developed":[115],"convenient":[117],"simulation":[118,143],"model":[119],"based":[120],"Young's":[122],"modulus":[123],"Poisson's":[125],"ratio.":[126],"divided":[128],"an":[129],"ion":[130],"exchange":[131],"polymer,":[132],"also":[133],"known":[134],"Nafion(\u00ae),":[136],"into":[137],"virtual":[139],"layers":[140],"model:":[144],"one":[145,234],"was":[146,151,185,198,222],"expansive":[147],"other":[150],"contractive,":[152],"caused":[153],"opposite":[155],"constant":[156],"surface":[157,161],"forces":[158],"each":[160],"elements.":[164],"Therefore,":[165],"different":[169],"IPMC":[170,196,206],"shapes":[171],"described":[174],"more":[175],"easily.":[176],"standard":[178],"experiment":[179],"voltage":[181,221],"vs.":[182],"tip":[183],"displacement":[184],"verify":[188],"proposed":[190],"modeling.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"gear":[194],"shaped":[195],"actuator":[197],"designed":[199],"tested.":[201],"Optical":[202],"experimentally":[210],"demonstrated":[211],"17":[214],"diopters":[215],"volts.":[218],"needed":[220],"about":[223,233],"orders":[225],"lower":[226,236],"than":[227,237],"conventional":[228],"silicon":[229],"mirrors":[231],"order":[235],"liquid":[239],"lens.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}