{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1992918401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","title":"Penalty Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Dim Targets Detection in Sensor Systems","display_name":"Penalty Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Dim Targets Detection in Sensor Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1992918401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","mag":"1992918401","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666074"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120405028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/4/5028/pdf?version=1403317430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/4/5028/pdf?version=1403317430","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073433473","display_name":"Dayu Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dayu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","School of Information Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101568197","display_name":"Anke Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8313-8520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143593769","display_name":"East China University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01vyrm377","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anke Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","School of Information Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science & Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007882126","display_name":"Yunfei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7887-4312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073433473"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143593769","https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.442,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71453365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"5028","last_page":"5046"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track-before-detect","display_name":"Track-before-detect","score":0.744538426399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.691530704498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penalty-method","display_name":"Penalty method","score":0.6555197238922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.651549756526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6289570331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.5821741819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4843331575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.48246318101882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4801903963088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.45819056034088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4576101005077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.4235965609550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.35339289903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2985766530036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.22775304317474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.21089497208595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1826707124710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17032760381698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08553287386894226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173028925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831461","display_name":"Track-before-detect","level":4,"score":0.744538426399231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.691530704498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6180225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3411771","display_name":"Penalty method","level":2,"score":0.6555197238922119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.651549756526947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6289570331573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.5821741819381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4843331575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.48246318101882935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4801903963088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.45819056034088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4576101005077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.4235965609550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.35339289903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2985766530036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22775304317474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.21089497208595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1826707124710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17032760381698608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08553287386894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120405028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/4/5028/pdf?version=1403317430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22666074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.398.8163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.398.8163","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/4/5028/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:72f14acb2bdb4f009a4c22204bc1643f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/72f14acb2bdb4f009a4c22204bc1643f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 12, Iss 4, Pp 5028-5046 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2373842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3355457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/12/4/5028/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 12; Issue 4; Pages: 5028-5046","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s120405028","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s120405028","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/4/5028/pdf?version=1403317430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338409","display_name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7z1k40"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1992918401.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501739804","https://openalex.org/W1531532259","https://openalex.org/W1593806715","https://openalex.org/W1964233104","https://openalex.org/W1965998977","https://openalex.org/W1967885579","https://openalex.org/W1992518780","https://openalex.org/W1993705020","https://openalex.org/W2000161594","https://openalex.org/W2007367317","https://openalex.org/W2031919019","https://openalex.org/W2038791878","https://openalex.org/W2038908796","https://openalex.org/W2042048846","https://openalex.org/W2055645108","https://openalex.org/W2072216778","https://openalex.org/W2077495158","https://openalex.org/W2077917484","https://openalex.org/W2097009900","https://openalex.org/W2100548006","https://openalex.org/W2103632679","https://openalex.org/W2104130465","https://openalex.org/W2121766511","https://openalex.org/W2122974597","https://openalex.org/W2123809040","https://openalex.org/W2127923214","https://openalex.org/W2129708101","https://openalex.org/W2137062348","https://openalex.org/W2143461150","https://openalex.org/W2169170471","https://openalex.org/W6630180051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2999948534","https://openalex.org/W4207085248","https://openalex.org/W2361884162","https://openalex.org/W2556174549","https://openalex.org/W2054685893","https://openalex.org/W2533372699","https://openalex.org/W4200230955","https://openalex.org/W2112273123","https://openalex.org/W3035724330","https://openalex.org/W1489621653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,36,89,114],"detect":[3,91],"and":[4,52,84,92,134],"track":[5,93,116],"multiple":[6],"maneuvering":[7,94],"dim":[8,95],"targets":[9],"in":[10,48,124],"sensor":[11,103],"systems,":[12],"an":[13],"improved":[14],"dynamic":[15],"programming":[16],"track-before-detect":[17],"algorithm":[18,77,120],"(DP-TBD)":[19],"called":[20],"penalty":[21,46,54],"DP-TBD":[22,83],"(PDP-TBD)":[23],"is":[24,42,56,112],"proposed.":[25],"The":[26,40,132],"performances":[27],"of":[28,59,136],"tracking":[29,71,80],"techniques":[30,81],"are":[31,143],"used":[32,123],"as":[33],"a":[34,45,57,98,102],"feedback":[35,41],"the":[37,49,53,60,70,76,119,125],"detection":[38],"part.":[39],"constructed":[43],"by":[44,69,145],"term":[47,55],"merit":[50],"function,":[51],"function":[58],"possible":[61],"target":[62,109,130],"state":[63],"estimation,":[64],"which":[65],"can":[66,86,105,121],"be":[67,87,122],"obtained":[68],"methods.":[72],"With":[73],"this":[74],"feedback,":[75],"combines":[78],"traditional":[79],"with":[82,128,139],"it":[85],"applied":[88],"simultaneously":[90],"targets.":[96],"Meanwhile,":[97],"reasonable":[99],"constraint":[100],"that":[101],"measurement":[104],"originate":[106],"from":[107],"one":[108],"or":[110],"clutter":[111],"proposed":[113],"minimize":[115],"separation.":[117],"Thus,":[118],"multi-target":[126],"situation":[127],"unknown":[129],"numbers.":[131],"efficiency":[133],"advantages":[135],"PDP-TBD":[137],"compared":[138],"two":[140],"existing":[141],"methods":[142],"demonstrated":[144],"several":[146],"simulations.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}