{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2141247222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111211447","title":"An Approach to Improve the Quality of Infrared Images of Vein-Patterns","display_name":"An Approach to Improve the Quality of Infrared Images of Vein-Patterns","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2141247222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111211447","mag":"2141247222","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22247674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111211447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111211447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/12/11447/pdf?version=1403316607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/12/11447/pdf?version=1403316607","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102024244","display_name":"Chih-Lung Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0831-8251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","display_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02w8ws377","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88780834","display_name":"Hwa Hsia University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02mfjgm25","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88780834"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Lung Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Hwa Hsia Institute of Technology, 111 Gong Jhuan Rd., Chung Ho district, New Taipei City, 23568, Taiwan","Department of Information and Computer Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li City, 32023, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0831-8251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hwa Hsia Institute of Technology, 111 Gong Jhuan Rd., Chung Ho district, New Taipei City, 23568, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88780834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li City, 32023, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102024244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151221077","https://openalex.org/I88780834"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0275,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81610521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"11447","last_page":"11463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7200257778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-histogram-equalization","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","score":0.64998859167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6265263557434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6178405284881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/median-filter","display_name":"Median filter","score":0.5690202713012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5676454305648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5388140082359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impulse-noise","display_name":"Impulse noise","score":0.5360109806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salt-and-pepper-noise","display_name":"Salt-and-pepper noise","score":0.5081446170806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.46272364258766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4611937999725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.43969613313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilateral-filter","display_name":"Bilateral filter","score":0.42962145805358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42774054408073425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.42706021666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.42658400535583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.4259517192840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.4256584048271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.2553552985191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16981205344200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.0825059711933136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7200257778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30387639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680744","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","level":5,"score":0.64998859167099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6265263557434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6178405284881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55352655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304247","display_name":"Median filter","level":4,"score":0.5690202713012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5676454305648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5388140082359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127372701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16979398","display_name":"Impulse noise","level":3,"score":0.5360109806060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113660513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849379","display_name":"Salt-and-pepper noise","level":5,"score":0.5081446170806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.46272364258766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4611937999725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.43969613313674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156140930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860417","display_name":"Bilateral filter","level":3,"score":0.42962145805358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42774054408073425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154579607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3373850","display_name":"Peak signal-to-noise ratio","level":3,"score":0.42706021666526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.42658400535583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.4259517192840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.4256584048271179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2553552985191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16981205344200134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0825059711933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007259","descriptor_name":"Infrared Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007259","descriptor_name":"Infrared Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007259","descriptor_name":"Infrared Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014680","descriptor_name":"Veins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014680","descriptor_name":"Veins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014680","descriptor_name":"Veins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111211447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111211447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/12/11447/pdf?version=1403316607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22247674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22247674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c916c3f6f0db467a967835b01b3f4c37","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c916c3f6f0db467a967835b01b3f4c37","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 11, Iss 12, Pp 11447-11463 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2263863","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3251991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111211447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111211447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/12/11447/pdf?version=1403316607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2141247222.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2141247222.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147723833","https://openalex.org/W1490398938","https://openalex.org/W1561404778","https://openalex.org/W1898466148","https://openalex.org/W2001759547","https://openalex.org/W2013684786","https://openalex.org/W2018340704","https://openalex.org/W2018461956","https://openalex.org/W2024819799","https://openalex.org/W2030244899","https://openalex.org/W2036787436","https://openalex.org/W2042365339","https://openalex.org/W2046125469","https://openalex.org/W2053990719","https://openalex.org/W2060017217","https://openalex.org/W2060781914","https://openalex.org/W2086144207","https://openalex.org/W2087254073","https://openalex.org/W2092331320","https://openalex.org/W2107474456","https://openalex.org/W2110289069","https://openalex.org/W2112907544","https://openalex.org/W2113695766","https://openalex.org/W2118516003","https://openalex.org/W2120006332","https://openalex.org/W2124139674","https://openalex.org/W2125832591","https://openalex.org/W2133003941","https://openalex.org/W2135715608","https://openalex.org/W2140272633","https://openalex.org/W2144025519","https://openalex.org/W2151777906","https://openalex.org/W2152067286","https://openalex.org/W2159148136","https://openalex.org/W2160817147","https://openalex.org/W2166171470","https://openalex.org/W2168239064","https://openalex.org/W2171249540","https://openalex.org/W2268432868","https://openalex.org/W6676809270","https://openalex.org/W6684390080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121479027","https://openalex.org/W2052906657","https://openalex.org/W2034132756","https://openalex.org/W2542493839","https://openalex.org/W2415066633","https://openalex.org/W2545973440","https://openalex.org/W2082346846","https://openalex.org/W2111069477","https://openalex.org/W2011016717","https://openalex.org/W2518478289"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"develops":[2],"an":[3,91,226],"approach":[4,41,220],"to":[5,31,95,106],"improve":[6,32,200],"the":[7,39,48,97,108,116,135,138,148,159,163,195,201,218,233],"quality":[8,234],"of":[9,13,26,38,118,137,192,235],"infrared":[10],"(IR)":[11],"images":[12],"vein-patterns,":[14],"which":[15],"usually":[16],"have":[17],"noise,":[18],"low":[19,21,120],"contrast,":[20],"brightness":[22],"and":[23,53,67,100,131,215,228],"small":[24],"objects":[25,206],"interest,":[27],"thus":[28],"requiring":[29],"preprocessing":[30],"their":[33],"quality.":[34],"The":[35,142,210],"main":[36,60],"characteristics":[37],"proposed":[40,173,219],"are":[42,62,213],"that":[43,147,217],"no":[44,54],"prior":[45],"knowledge":[46],"about":[47,194],"IR":[49,92,112,236],"image":[50,196],"is":[51,80,88,146,156,172,221],"necessary":[52],"parameters":[55],"must":[56],"be":[57],"preset.":[58],"Two":[59],"goals":[61],"sought:":[63],"impulse":[64],"noise":[65,84],"reduction":[66,85],"adaptive":[68,175,229],"contrast":[69,176],"enhancement":[70,202],"technologies.":[71],"In":[72,123],"our":[73],"study,":[74],"a":[75,83,102,119,182],"fast":[76],"median-based":[77,104],"filter":[78,105,139],"(FMBF)":[79],"developed":[81],"as":[82,225],"method.":[86],"It":[87],"based":[89,187],"on":[90,101,188,204],"imaging":[93],"mechanism":[94],"detect":[96],"noisy":[98,109],"pixels":[99,110],"modified":[103],"remove":[107],"in":[111],"images.":[113,238],"FMBF":[114,125,155],"has":[115],"advantage":[117,145],"computation":[121],"load.":[122],"addition,":[124],"can":[126,179,199],"retain":[127],"reasonably":[128],"good":[129],"edges":[130],"texture":[132],"information":[133,193],"when":[134],"size":[136],"window":[140],"increases.":[141],"most":[143],"important":[144],"peak":[149],"signal-to-noise":[150],"ratio":[151],"(PSNR)":[152],"caused":[153,161],"by":[154,162],"higher":[157],"than":[158,208],"PSNR":[160],"median":[164],"filter.":[165],"A":[166],"hybrid":[167,183],"cumulative":[168,184],"histogram":[169,185],"equalization":[170],"(HCHE)":[171],"for":[174,223,231],"enhancement.":[177],"HCHE":[178,198],"automatically":[180],"generate":[181],"(HCH)":[186],"two":[189],"different":[190],"pieces":[191],"histogram.":[197],"effect":[203],"hot":[205],"rather":[207],"background.":[209],"experimental":[211],"results":[212],"addressed":[214],"demonstrate":[216],"feasible":[222],"use":[224],"effective":[227],"process":[230],"enhancing":[232],"vein-pattern":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
