{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128013110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","title":"Absolute Radiometric Calibration of ALS Intensity Data: Effects on Accuracy and Target Classification","display_name":"Absolute Radiometric Calibration of ALS Intensity Data: Effects on Accuracy and Target Classification","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128013110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","mag":"2128013110","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22346660"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111110586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/11/10586/pdf?version=1403316425","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/11/10586/pdf?version=1403316425","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065743311","display_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018107959","display_name":"Ulla Pyysalo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulla Pyysalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034744750","display_name":"Anssi Krooks","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anssi Krooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067832699","display_name":"Ants Vain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19409027","display_name":"Estonian University of Life Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00s67c790","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19409027"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["EE","FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ants Vain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51014, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19409027"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045584015","display_name":"Antero Kukko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3841-6533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antero Kukko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033042071","display_name":"Juha Hyypp\u00e4","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juha Hyypp\u00e4","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, Geodeetinrinne 2, P.O. Box 15, 02431 Masala, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071501645","display_name":"M. Kaasalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6228-3163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133110","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":null,"country_code":"FI","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikko Kaasalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 553, 33101 Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133110"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065743311"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.1603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78917797,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"11","first_page":"10586","last_page":"10602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.8353434801101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.8197537064552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometric-calibration","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","score":0.695281445980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.6072588562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4987351894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometry","display_name":"Radiometry","score":0.45751211047172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3636217713356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.24844887852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1837383210659027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18105429410934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16551843285560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08693832159042358}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.8353434801101685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.8197537064552307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778522173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281293","display_name":"Radiometric calibration","level":3,"score":0.695281445980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6072588562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4987351894378662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.45751211047172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3636217713356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.24844887852668762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1837383210659027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18105429410934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16551843285560608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08693832159042358}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111110586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/11/10586/pdf?version=1403316425","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22346660","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22346660","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3274302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3274302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3da93094a164e5bbd068918e0f6cc66","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3da93094a164e5bbd068918e0f6cc66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 11, Iss 11, Pp 10586-10602 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/11/11/10586/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 11; Issue 11; Pages: 10586-10602","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111110586","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111110586","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/11/10586/pdf?version=1403316425","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2128013110.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1669655639","https://openalex.org/W1965393380","https://openalex.org/W1988570301","https://openalex.org/W2010062112","https://openalex.org/W2010221273","https://openalex.org/W2012879460","https://openalex.org/W2016077123","https://openalex.org/W2028413465","https://openalex.org/W2033908379","https://openalex.org/W2039969237","https://openalex.org/W2040556018","https://openalex.org/W2046736943","https://openalex.org/W2050173250","https://openalex.org/W2050359437","https://openalex.org/W2066709404","https://openalex.org/W2081889060","https://openalex.org/W2086461898","https://openalex.org/W2088626307","https://openalex.org/W2089915976","https://openalex.org/W2094434264","https://openalex.org/W2094605604","https://openalex.org/W2097808025","https://openalex.org/W2098172227","https://openalex.org/W2098747657","https://openalex.org/W2102947491","https://openalex.org/W2114228414","https://openalex.org/W2122068721","https://openalex.org/W2122279851","https://openalex.org/W2124492787","https://openalex.org/W2136708959","https://openalex.org/W2140161421","https://openalex.org/W2152740802","https://openalex.org/W2188164250","https://openalex.org/W2403473684","https://openalex.org/W2405964867","https://openalex.org/W2496387143","https://openalex.org/W2738801284","https://openalex.org/W6654745579","https://openalex.org/W6687085384","https://openalex.org/W6712959873","https://openalex.org/W6714087844","https://openalex.org/W6723960896","https://openalex.org/W6741526280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220930438","https://openalex.org/W1964639336","https://openalex.org/W1964298644","https://openalex.org/W2059707233","https://openalex.org/W2067972891","https://openalex.org/W2900755609","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2348646747","https://openalex.org/W2900670027","https://openalex.org/W2347506004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radiometric":[0],"calibration":[1,33,58,73,86,109,113,121],"of":[2,31,57],"airborne":[3],"laser":[4],"scanning":[5],"(ALS)":[6],"intensity":[7,92,136,149],"data":[8,75,93,137],"aims":[9],"at":[10],"retrieving":[11],"a":[12,32,107],"value":[13],"related":[14],"to":[15,37,40,64,102],"the":[16,24,55,71,91],"target":[17,126],"scattering":[18],"properties,":[19],"which":[20],"is":[21,35,122],"independent":[22],"on":[23],"instrument":[25],"or":[26],"flight":[27],"parameters.":[28],"The":[29,120,141],"aim":[30],"procedure":[34],"also":[36,123],"be":[38,65,100],"able":[39],"compare":[41],"results":[42,143],"from":[43,76,94,133,138],"different":[44,82,95,139],"flights":[45,79,96],"and":[46,54,80,97],"instruments,":[47],"but":[48],"practical":[49],"applications":[50],"are":[51,144],"sparsely":[52],"available,":[53],"performance":[56],"methods":[59],"for":[60,117,125,147],"this":[61],"purpose":[62],"needs":[63],"further":[66],"assessed.":[67],"We":[68,88],"have":[69],"studied":[70],"radiometric":[72,108],"with":[74],"three":[77],"separate":[78,112],"two":[81],"instruments":[83,98],"using":[84,111,135],"external":[85],"targets.":[87],"find":[89],"that":[90],"can":[99],"compared":[101],"each":[103,118],"other":[104],"only":[105,146],"after":[106],"process":[110],"targets":[114],"carefully":[115],"selected":[116],"flight.":[119],"necessary":[124],"classification":[127,142],"purposes,":[128],"such":[129],"as":[130],"separating":[131],"vegetation":[132],"sand":[134],"flights.":[140],"meaningful":[145],"calibrated":[148],"data.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}