{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2057009842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009121","title":"A Novel Approach for Foreign Substances Detection in Injection Using Clustering and Frame Difference","display_name":"A Novel Approach for Foreign Substances Detection in Injection Using Clustering and Frame Difference","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2057009842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009121","mag":"2057009842","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111009121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/10/9121/pdf?version=1403316172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/10/9121/pdf?version=1403316172","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079291103","display_name":"Guiliang Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiliang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101461272","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1112-1022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113094476","display_name":"Yao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9870-0712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016539834","display_name":"Sidan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-3765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101461272","https://openalex.org/A5113094476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.498,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75379671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"10","first_page":"9121","last_page":"9135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.7239384651184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6832900643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5862017869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5624536871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5330691933631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4633169174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.42509496212005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.42262354493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3647442162036896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3599492609500885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.7239384651184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6832900643348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5862017869949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5624536871910095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5330691933631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4633169174194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42509496212005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.42262354493141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3647442162036896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3599492609500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007267","descriptor_name":"Injections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007267","descriptor_name":"Injections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007267","descriptor_name":"Injections","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111009121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/10/9121/pdf?version=1403316172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22163686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2cf047bf67d44e0093c37e867d1a39a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2cf047bf67d44e0093c37e867d1a39a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 11, Iss 10, Pp 9121-9135 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2240457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3231277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s111009121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s111009121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/10/9121/pdf?version=1403316172","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4297972829","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u9aa8\u9abc\u8fd0\u52a8\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u4e09\u7ef4\u8868\u9762\u6062\u590d\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61100111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2057009842.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2057009842.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501500081","https://openalex.org/W1553407966","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2052311273","https://openalex.org/W2079361215","https://openalex.org/W2127486929","https://openalex.org/W2153233077","https://openalex.org/W2154701464","https://openalex.org/W2159498975","https://openalex.org/W2172024015","https://openalex.org/W2172067177","https://openalex.org/W2336388276","https://openalex.org/W2612166593","https://openalex.org/W2799061466","https://openalex.org/W4233518571","https://openalex.org/W4239910417","https://openalex.org/W6703129668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W2397288865","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2368524271","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W2393816671","https://openalex.org/W1629127207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,9,103],"developing":[4],"a":[5,60],"novel":[6],"technique":[7],"based":[8,102],"machine":[10],"vision":[11],"for":[12],"detection":[13],"of":[14,24,55,107,125],"foreign":[15,33,66,100,148],"substances":[16,34,42,149],"in":[17,35],"injections.":[18],"Mechanical":[19],"control":[20],"yields":[21],"spin/stop":[22],"movement":[23,31],"injections":[25],"which":[26],"helps":[27],"to":[28,64,88,97,114,122],"cause":[29],"relative":[30],"between":[32,118],"liquid":[36],"and":[37,50,62,74,83,136],"an":[38],"ampoule":[39,129],"bottle.":[40],"Foreign":[41],"are":[43,57,86,134],"classified":[44],"into":[45],"two":[46,77,91,119],"categories:":[47],"subsiding-slowly":[48,99],"object":[49],"subsiding-fast":[51,126],"object.":[52],"A":[53],"sequence":[54],"frames":[56,120],"captured":[58],"by":[59],"camera":[61],"used":[63],"recognize":[65],"substances.":[67],"After":[68],"image":[69],"preprocessing":[70],"like":[71],"noise":[72],"reduction":[73],"motion":[75],"detection,":[76],"different":[78],"methods,":[79],"Moving-object":[80],"Clustering":[81],"(MC)":[82],"Frame":[84,110],"Difference,":[85],"proposed":[87],"detect":[89,145],"the":[90,104,116,123,137,142,146],"categories":[92],"respectively.":[93],"MC":[94],"is":[95,112],"operated":[96],"cluster":[98],"substances,":[101],"invariant":[105],"features":[106],"those":[108],"objects.":[109,127],"Difference":[111],"defined":[113],"calculate":[115],"difference":[117],"due":[121],"change":[124],"200":[128],"samples":[130],"filled":[131],"with":[132],"injection":[133],"tested":[135],"experimental":[138],"result":[139],"indicates":[140],"that":[141],"approach":[143],"can":[144],"visible":[147],"effectively.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
