{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089040011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","title":"Robust Crop and Weed Segmentation under Uncontrolled Outdoor Illumination","display_name":"Robust Crop and Weed Segmentation under Uncontrolled Outdoor Illumination","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089040011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","mag":"2089040011","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110606270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6270/pdf?version=1403315338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6270/pdf?version=1403315338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008564376","display_name":"Hongyoung Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-0655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340685415","display_name":"United States Department of State","ror":"https://ror.org/03vvynj75","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340685415"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Y. Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["United State Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA","United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United State Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1340685415"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United State Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH 44691, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089969477","display_name":"Lei Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-5161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei F. Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA","Agricultural and Biological Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural and Biological Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087550038","display_name":"Heping Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-7750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336096307","display_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340685415","display_name":"United States Department of State","ror":"https://ror.org/03vvynj75","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340685415"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1312222531","display_name":"Agricultural Research Service","ror":"https://ror.org/02d2m2044","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heping Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["United State Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA","United States Department of Agriculture"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United State Department of Agriculture\u2014Agricultural Research Service, Application Technology Research Unit, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1340685415"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United States Department of Agriculture","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008564376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1312222531","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I1340685415"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.1452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":133,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95885296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"6270","last_page":"6283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9660999774932861,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9502000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6467337012290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weed","display_name":"Weed","score":0.6243863105773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.6062899231910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5703612565994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"Machine vision","score":0.5278741717338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.526644229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47263190150260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.46269258856773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4476286470890045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.43191224336624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3856767416000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.286044180393219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23532214760780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.15530827641487122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6467337012290955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775891814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101879","display_name":"Weed","level":2,"score":0.6243863105773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.6062899231910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5703612565994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.5278741717338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.526644229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47263190150260925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46269258856773376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4476286470890045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.43191224336624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3856767416000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.286044180393219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23532214760780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.15530827641487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000383","descriptor_name":"Agriculture","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008027","descriptor_name":"Light","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018556","descriptor_name":"Crops, Agricultural","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057685","descriptor_name":"Plant Weeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057685","descriptor_name":"Plant Weeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057685","descriptor_name":"Plant Weeds","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058728","descriptor_name":"Weed Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058728","descriptor_name":"Weed Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058728","descriptor_name":"Weed Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110606270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6270/pdf?version=1403315338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22163954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22163954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:23ab32650dd542bfbae72377f0eb10d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/23ab32650dd542bfbae72377f0eb10d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 11, Iss 6, Pp 6270-6283 (2011)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2240637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3231458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/11/6/6270/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 11; Issue 6; Pages: 6270-6283","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s110606270","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s110606270","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/11/6/6270/pdf?version=1403315338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2089040011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2089040011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201709213","https://openalex.org/W1509235676","https://openalex.org/W1557569703","https://openalex.org/W1598235281","https://openalex.org/W1965117835","https://openalex.org/W1968809705","https://openalex.org/W1968930126","https://openalex.org/W1973700570","https://openalex.org/W2000984515","https://openalex.org/W2018724743","https://openalex.org/W2022163301","https://openalex.org/W2041368846","https://openalex.org/W2062498813","https://openalex.org/W2063466394","https://openalex.org/W2071423370","https://openalex.org/W2072623203","https://openalex.org/W2081788530","https://openalex.org/W2095122925","https://openalex.org/W2101869354","https://openalex.org/W2110504380","https://openalex.org/W2122919861","https://openalex.org/W2146093832","https://openalex.org/W2149261421","https://openalex.org/W2155569884","https://openalex.org/W2163450852","https://openalex.org/W2176709104","https://openalex.org/W2614234560","https://openalex.org/W6642585289","https://openalex.org/W6682932750","https://openalex.org/W6737646445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2157457846","https://openalex.org/W1584821869","https://openalex.org/W2593562831","https://openalex.org/W2469187828","https://openalex.org/W2390063414","https://openalex.org/W1536445513","https://openalex.org/W2906314692","https://openalex.org/W3189926999","https://openalex.org/W1522196789","https://openalex.org/W2566290947"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"image":[1,26,72,140],"processing":[2,73,87,141,172],"algorithm":[3,40,74,142,173],"for":[4,43,119,177],"detecting":[5],"individual":[6],"weeds":[7,50,161],"was":[8,41],"developed":[9,39,136],"and":[10,33,48,51,70,108,139,158,171],"evaluated.":[11],"Weed":[12],"detection":[13,138],"processes":[14],"included":[15],"were":[16,122],"normalized":[17],"excessive":[18],"green":[19],"conversion,":[20],"statistical":[21],"threshold":[22],"value":[23],"estimation,":[24],"adaptive":[25],"segmentation,":[27],"median":[28],"filter,":[29],"morphological":[30],"feature":[31],"calculation":[32],"Artificial":[34],"Neural":[35],"Network":[36],"(ANN).":[37],"The":[38,81,96,135],"validated":[42],"its":[44],"ability":[45],"to":[46,94,125,147,159],"identify":[47,148],"detect":[49],"crop":[52,102,120,163],"plants":[53,103,121,149],"under":[54,67,153],"uncontrolled":[55,155],"outdoor":[56,68,156,178],"illuminations.":[57],"A":[58],"machine":[59,169],"vision":[60,170],"implementing":[61],"field":[62,65,89],"robot":[63],"captured":[64],"images":[66],"illuminations":[69],"the":[71,84,105,110,115,129,133,154,166],"automatically":[75],"processed":[76],"them":[77],"without":[78],"manual":[79],"adjustment.":[80],"errors":[82],"of":[83,101],"algorithm,":[85],"when":[86],"666":[88],"images,":[90],"ranged":[91],"from":[92,104,162],"2.1":[93],"2.9%.":[95],"ANN":[97,116],"correctly":[98],"detected":[99],"72.6%":[100],"identified":[106],"plants,":[107],"considered":[109],"rest":[111],"as":[112],"weeds.":[113],"However,":[114],"identification":[117],"rates":[118],"improved":[123],"up":[124],"95.1%":[126],"by":[127],"addressing":[128],"error":[130],"sources":[131],"in":[132],"algorithm.":[134],"weed":[137],"provides":[143],"a":[144],"novel":[145],"method":[146],"against":[150],"soil":[151],"background":[152],"illuminations,":[157],"differentiate":[160],"plants.":[164],"Thus,":[165],"proposed":[167],"new":[168],"may":[174],"be":[175],"useful":[176],"applications":[179,184],"including":[180],"plant":[181],"specific":[182],"direct":[183],"(PSDA).":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
